It also led directly to the founding of the Council of Europe in 1949, the first great effort to bring the nations of Europe together, initially ten of them. [221] It is applied from the principles of Capability approach and Rights-based approach to development. [323], The European Union has had a significant positive economic impact on most member states. Countries accede to the union by becoming party to the founding treaties, thereby subjecting themselves to the privileges and obligations of EU membership. Cities are largely spread out across the EU with a large grouping in and around the Benelux. In the pre-2004 EU members, the major problem in transport deals with congestion and pollution. To that end, a number of efforts were made to increase the EU's military capability, notably the Helsinki Headline Goal process. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services and capital within the internal market;[12] enact legislation in justice and home affairs; and maintain common policies on trade,[13] agriculture,[14] fisheries and regional development. [201], Switzerland was called to vote on whether to end the agreement with European Union on the free movement of people, in September 2020. [276] In subsequent years, the environment became a formal policy area, with its own policy actors, principles and procedures. "U.E.." Abbreviations.com. ), the Flemish Diamond (Antwerp, Brussels, Leuven, Ghent et al.) [311] [194], The aims of the CFSP are to promote both the EU's own interests and those of the international community as a whole, including the furtherance of international co-operation, respect for human rights, democracy, and the rule of law. [285][286] Through its support of the Bologna Process, the EU is supporting comparable standards and compatible degrees across Europe. Regulations become law in all member states the moment they come into force, without the requirement for any implementing measures,[v] and automatically override conflicting domestic provisions. The European Union was formally established when the Maastricht Treaty—whose main architects were Helmut Kohl and François Mitterrand—came into force on 1 November 1993. The 27 Commissioners as a single body are subject to approval (or otherwise) by vote of the European Parliament. [u] The Lisbon Treaty and Protocol 14 to the ECHR have changed this: the former binds the EU to accede to the convention while the latter formally permits it. Across the EU, belief was higher among women, older people, those with religious upbringing, those who left school at 15 or 16, and those "positioning themselves on the right of the political scale". In higher education, the policy was developed in the 1980s in programmes supporting exchanges and mobility. The free movement of capital is unique insofar as it is granted equally to non-member states. [105] The three official alphabets of the European Union (Cyrillic, Latin, and modern Greek) all derive from the Archaic Greek scripts. [264], The EU operates a competition policy intended to ensure undistorted competition within the single market. [p] Directives require member states to achieve a certain result while leaving them discretion as to how to achieve the result. Abbreviations | Conseil de l'Union Europeenne | ISBN: | Kostenloser Versand für alle Bücher mit Versand und Verkauf duch Amazon. The landscape, climate, and economy of the EU are influenced by its coastline, which is 65,993 kilometres (41,006 mi) long. außerordentlicher Karlspreis 2004", Press freedom in the EU Legal framework and challenges, "European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations", "Institutional integration and economic growth in Europe", "The European Union's authoritarian equilibrium", Historical Archives of the European Union, Eurostat – European Union Statistics Explained, The European Union: Questions and Answers, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002), European Economic Community (1958–1993/2009), Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification, Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, Largest cities by population within city limits, Orders, decorations, and medals of the European Union, Western European Union Mission Service Medal, Directive on the re-use of public sector information, Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. v. Cadbury UK Limited, Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions, Directive on the legal protection of designs, Directive on the Protection of Trade Secrets, German Law on the Protection of Trade Secrets, Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, American Foundation for AIDS Research (AMFAR), Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, Spanish Organization for the Blind (ONCE), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Union&oldid=1001131050, International organizations based in Europe, United Nations General Assembly observers, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Bulgarian-language text, Articles containing Croatian-language text, Articles containing Estonian-language text, Articles containing Finnish-language text, Articles containing Hungarian-language text, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles containing Latvian-language text, Articles containing Lithuanian-language text, Articles containing Maltese-language text, Articles containing Portuguese-language text, Articles containing Romanian-language text, Articles containing Slovene-language text, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles containing Swedish-language text, Pages using collapsible list without both background and text-align in titlestyle, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles lacking reliable references from January 2021, All articles that may have off-topic sections, Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections from December 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2020, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013, Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [124] Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo are officially recognised as potential candidates,[123] with Bosnia and Herzegovina having submitted a membership application. [245] According to the Treaty the provision of services is a residual freedom that only applies if no other freedom is being exercised. [87] 2.4 million immigrants from non-EU countries entered the EU in 2017. The perceived benefits of becoming a member of the EU act as an incentive for both political and economic reform in states wishing to fulfil the EU's accession criteria, and are considered an important factor contributing to the reform of European formerly Communist countries. The Court of Auditors is legally obliged to provide the Parliament and the council (specifically, the Economic and Financial Affairs Council) with "a statement of assurance as to the reliability of the accounts and the legality and regularity of the underlying transactions". The EU has long sought to mitigate the effects of free markets by protecting workers rights and preventing social and environmental dumping. GB - United Kingdom 13. This entails a partial delegation of sovereignty to the institutions in return for representation within those institutions, a practice often referred to as "pooling of sovereignty".[119][120]. It has been described by some as the Union's "supreme political authority". These are areas in which member states have renounced any capacity to enact legislation. The EU and European citizenship were established when the Maastricht Treaty came into force in 1993. The budget included a covid recovery fund of €750 billion. [172] CY - Cyprus 5. Add to My List It convenes at least four times a year and comprises the President of the European Council (currently Charles Michel), the President of the European Commission and one representative per member state (either its head of state or head of government). The European Union has seven principal decision-making bodies, its institutions: the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council of the European Union, the European Commission, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Central Bank and the European Court of Auditors. We're doing our best to make sure our content is useful, accurate and safe.If by any chance you spot an inappropriate comment while navigating through our website please use this form to let us know, and we'll take care of it shortly. They are most often used in competition law, or on rulings on State Aid, but are also frequently used for procedural or administrative matters within the institutions. More recently, the EU has demonstrated leadership in global environmental governance, e.g. It maintains permanent diplomatic missions throughout the world and represents itself at the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G7 and the G20. Suggest to this list. Greece joined in 1981, Portugal and Spain following in 1986. While services account for 60–70% of GDP, legislation in the area is not as developed as in other areas. All Acronyms. After the recent enlargement, the new states that joined since 2004 added the problem of solving accessibility to the transport agenda. "[75][76] In 2013, Croatia became the 28th EU member. consilium.europa.eu. [202] The demand of Swiss People’s Party (SPP) was, however, turned down, as the voters rejected SPP’s demand for taking back immigration control. [275], Initially, EU environmental policy focused on Europe. [299] Actions taken in the cultural area by the EU include the Culture 2000 seven-year programme,[299] the European Cultural Month event,[300] and orchestras such as the European Union Youth Orchestra. The expansion of the EU introduced a new level of complexity and discord. It consolidates many rights which were previously recognised by the Court of Justice and derived from the "constitutional traditions common to the member states. [272][273] Several funds provide emergency aid, support for candidate members to transform their country to conform to the EU's standard (Phare, ISPA, and SAPARD), and support to the Commonwealth of Independent States (TACIS). Free movement of capital is intended to permit movement of investments such as property purchases and buying of shares between countries. [211], EU forces have been deployed on peacekeeping missions from middle and northern Africa to the western Balkans and western Asia. Jewish population figures may be unreliable. In addition, both are official languages of several EU member states. While both can legislate, member states can only legislate to the extent to which the EU has not. [158] "Administration" accounts for around 6%. [250] In these statistics, nuclear energy is treated as primary energy produced in the EU, regardless of the source of the uranium, of which less than 3% is produced in the EU. The EU has also sought to coordinate the social security and health systems of member states to facilitate individuals exercising free movement rights and to ensure they maintain their ability to access social security and health services in other member states. [47] In 1920, advocating the creation of a European economic union, British economist John Maynard Keynes wrote that "a Free Trade Union should be established ... to impose no protectionist tariffs whatever against the produce of other members of the Union. Johnson, S.P. The details of how they are to be implemented are left to member states. [86] In 2017, approximately 825,000 people acquired citizenship of a member state of the European Union. Examples of such alliances include the Visegrad Group, Benelux, the Baltic Assembly, the New Hanseatic League, the Weimar Triangle, the Lublin Triangle, EU Med Group and the Craiova Group. In the eurozone, trade is helped by not having any currency differences to deal with amongst most members. Brings together ministers of member states governments' departments. [159] The Court also gives opinions and proposals on financial legislation and anti-fraud actions. Evaluation of a country's fulfilment of the criteria is the responsibility of the European Council. The General Court mainly deals with cases taken by individuals and companies directly before the EU's courts,[174] and the European Union Civil Service Tribunal adjudicates in disputes between the European Union and its civil service. These included the Working Time Directive and the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive. [169] These are power-giving treaties which set broad policy goals and establish institutions with the necessary legal powers to implement those goals. and Corcelle, G. (1989) The Environmental Policy of the European Communities, Graham & Trotman, London, Cases C-403/08 and C-429/08, Opinion of Advocate General Kokott, para 207, Riché, Preface xviii, Pierre Riché reflects: "[H]e enjoyed an exceptional destiny, and by the length of his reign, by his conquests, legislation and legendary stature, he also profoundly marked the history of Western Europe. Almost all uranium is imported and nuclear power is considered primary energy produced in the EU. [212] EU military operations are supported by a number of bodies, including the European Defence Agency, European Union Satellite Centre and the European Union Military Staff. [88][89], The EU contains about 40 urban areas with populations of over one million. European Union - Official website of the European Union. "[177], In 2009, the Lisbon Treaty gave legal effect to the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. [117] Many countries have experienced falling church attendance and membership in recent years. During the centuries that followed the fall of Rome in 476, several European states viewed themselves as translatio imperii ("transfer of rule") of the defunct Roman Empire: the Frankish Empire (481–843) and the Holy Roman Empire (962–1806) were thereby attempts to resurrect Rome in the West. [287] EU research and technological framework programmes deal in a number of areas, for example energy where the aim is to develop a diverse mix of renewable energy to help the environment and to reduce dependence on imported fuels. [85], In 2010, 47.3 million people who lived in the EU were born outside their resident country. The European Court of Auditors has signed off the European Union accounts every year since 2007 and, while making it clear that the European Commission has more work to do, has highlighted that most of the errors take place at national level. Avant le Brexit, le centre géographique de l’Union européenne était situé à 60 kilomètres à l'ouest de Gadheim, dans la commune de Westerngrund, toujours en Bavière. Nevertheless, in 1965 an agreement was reached and on 1 July 1967 the Merger Treaty created a single set of institutions for the three communities, which were collectively referred to as the European Communities. p. 49. This required the lowering of administrative formalities and recognition of professional qualifications of other states.[244]. Get instant explanation for any acronym or abbreviation that hits you anywhere on the web! Such regions are primarily located in the states of central and southern Europe. More than half (56%) of EU citizens are able to engage in a conversation in a language other than their mother tongue. But in 1952, disappointed at what they saw as the lack of progress within the Council of Europe, six nations decided to go further and created the European Coal and Steel Community, which was declared to be "a first step in the federation of Europe". [263] Supporters of CAP argue that the economic support which it gives to farmers provides them with a reasonable standard of living. [199], Besides the emerging international policy of the European Union, the international influence of the EU is also felt through enlargement. Agriculture expenditure will move away from subsidy payments linked to specific produce, toward direct payments based on farm size. The most common place where you will encounter abbreviations in the European Union (EU) is with the names of the countries themselves. consilium.europa.eu. [173] Because of the doctrines of direct effect and supremacy, many judgments of the Court of Justice are automatically applicable within the internal legal orders of the member states. Demographic transition to a society of aging population, low fertility-rates and depopulation of non-metropolitan regions is tackled within this policies. The Lisbon Treaty further strengthened the leadership ambitions. Fellow of the Nautical Institute AMD. The majority of the population lives in areas with a temperate maritime climate (North-Western Europe and Central Europe), a Mediterranean climate (Southern Europe), or a warm summer continental or hemiboreal climate (Northern Balkans and Central Europe). According to new polls about religiosity in the European Union in 2015 by Eurobarometer, Christianity is the largest religion in the European Union, accounting for 71.6% of the EU population. The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe. In 1992, having negotiated the structure and procedures of a currency union, the member states signed the Maastricht Treaty and were legally bound to fulfil the agreed-on rules including the convergence criteria if they wanted to join the monetary union. [61][62] Jean Rey presided over the first merged Commission (Rey Commission). Structural Funds and Cohesion Funds are supporting the development of underdeveloped regions of the EU. ", "Cultural Policy and Politics in the European Union", "An Overture to the European Union Youth Orchestra", "IOC, FIFA presidents welcomes new EU treaty, call it breakthrough to give sports more power", "Sports coaches from Israel travel to UK for training", "Thirty-sixth meeting of the ministers' deputies: resolution (55) 32", Guide graphique relatif à l'emblème européen, "Graphical specifications for the European Emblem", "Der Karlspreisträger Seine Heiligkeit Papst Johannes Paul II. The number of stars is invariably twelve, the figure twelve being the symbol of perfection and entirety. After much discussion, the most concrete result was the EU Battlegroups initiative, each of which is planned to be able to deploy quickly about 1500 personnel. LU - Luxembourg 20. [165][166], EU member states retain all powers not explicitly handed to the European Union. Trade barriers and competitive distortions in the Common Market could emerge due to the different environmental standards in each member state. [216] The European Development Fund (EDF, €22.7 billion for the period 2008–2013 and €30.5 billion for the period 2014–2020) is made up of voluntary contributions by member states, but there is pressure to merge the EDF into the budget-financed instruments to encourage increased contributions to match the 0.7% target and allow the European Parliament greater oversight. Euratom was to integrate sectors in nuclear energy while the EEC would develop a customs union among members. the role of the EU in securing the ratification and coming into force of the Kyoto Protocol despite opposition from the United States. The EU is active in a wide range of topics, from human rights to transport and trade. 2 people like this. Federalism and European union: The building of Europe, 1950–2000. These legislative instruments are dealt with in more detail. Site officiel de la présidence allemande du Conseil de l’Union européenne (juillet à décembre 2020) [163] The European Commission estimated in 2009 that the financial effect of irregularities was €1,863 million. [298], Cultural co-operation between member states has been an interest of the EU since its inclusion as a community competency in the Maastricht Treaty. Council, Organizations, Europe. The borders inside the Schengen Area between Germany and Austria, Europol Headquarters in The Hague, Netherlands, Eurojust Headquarters in The Hague, Netherlands, Foreign policy co-operation between member states dates from the establishment of the Community in 1957, when member states negotiated as a bloc in international trade negotiations under the EU's common commercial policy. [229], The European Union Association Agreement does something similar for a much larger range of countries, partly as a so-called soft approach ('a carrot instead of a stick') to influence the politics in those countries. In 1990, after the fall of the Eastern Bloc, the former East Germany became part of the Communities as part of a reunified Germany.[69]. "[328] However, R. Daniel Kelemen argues that the EU has proved beneficial to leaders who are overseeing democratic backsliding, as the EU is reluctant to intervene in domestic politics, gives authoritarian governments funds which they can use to strengthen their regimes, and because freedom of movement within the EU allows dissenting citizens to leave their backsliding countries.

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