The other Arab countries are all republics. It refers to … Egypt, Syria and Saudi Arabia joined a multinational coalition that opposed Iraq. "More Turbulence in Sudan" in. Many of the modern borders of the Arab World were drawn by European imperial powers during the 19th and early 20th century. Hence the east- and especially southeast-coast boundary of Arab Africa has historically been a gateway for maritime trade and cultural exchange with both East Africa and the subcontinent. Geographic and cultural region in Africa and the Middle East. The Arab League is a regional organisation that aims (among other things) to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries and sets out the following definition of an Arab: An Arab is a person whose language is Arabic, who lives in an Arabic country, and who is in sympathy with the aspirations of the Arabic people. In Saudi Arabia, Ismailite pockets are also found in the eastern Al-Hasa region and the southern city of Najran. Presque toutes les filles de la région MENA vont à l’école et les femmes sont plus nombreuses que les hommes à poursuivre des études universitaires. This has made the idea of a pan-Arab nation-state increasingly less feasible and likely. Please update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information. Islam was brought to Sudan from Egypt during the 8th to 11th centuries. The total GDP of all Arab countries in 1999 was US$531.2 billion. In the west, it is bounded by the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. [citation needed], The Arab states are mostly, although not exclusively, developing economies and derive their export revenues from oil and gas, or the sale of other raw materials. [55] This is only smaller than the GDP of US, China, Japan and Germany. Various factions began competing for influence in the power vacuum that followed, which precipitated an aborted UN peacekeeping attempt in the mid-1990s. The proximity of North Africa to Europe has always encouraged interaction, and this continues with Arab immigration to Europe and European interest in the Arab countries today. Islamic terrorism became a problem in the Arab world in the 1970s to 1980s. Lire plus. ", Gender equality in Arab world critical for progress and prosperity, UN report warns, "Ancient Levantine Arabic: A Reconstruction Based on the Earliest Sources and the Modern Dialects", "E. African Nations Back Kenyan Offensive in Somalia", "Arab Nationalism: Mistaken Identity by Martin Kramer", "World Bank: Saudi Arabia, strongest Arab economy", http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/05/05/147980.html, Language and change in the Arab Middle East: the evolution of modern political discourse Studies in Middle Eastern history, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab_world&oldid=995648650, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2015, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2019, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 22 December 2020, at 04:05. Egypt's Bid for Arab Leadership: Implications for U.S. Policy, By Gregory L. Aftandilian, Published by Council on Foreign Relations, 1993, European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-48703377, Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC), nationalisms within the declining Ottoman Empire, List of modern conflicts in the Middle East, popular protests throughout the Arab world, International Association of Arabic Dialectology, Arabic language influence on the Spanish language, List of countries where Arabic is an official language, List of tallest buildings in the Arab League, "Demographic Yearbook—Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density", "World Arabic Language Day | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "Population density (people per sq. Région Souss Massa en Chiffres. At other times, kings, emirs or sheikhs were placed as semi-autonomous rulers over the newly created nation states, usually chosen by the same imperial powers that for some drew the new borders, for services rendered to European powers like the British Empire, e.g. Vous souhaitez rejeter cette entrée : veuillez indiquer vos commentaires (mauvaise traduction/définition, entrée dupliquée, …). Typical parameters that may be applied include: whether Arabic is widely spoken; whether Arabic is an official or national language; or whether an Arabic cognate language is widely spoken. The region stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Indian Ocean in the southeast. The majority of people in the Arab world adhere to Islam, and the religion has official status in most countries. Spain still maintains two small enclaves, Ceuta and Melilla (called "Morocco Espanol"), along the otherwise Moroccan coast. Populations significatives par région Ligue arabe 422 000 000 Diaspora 40 000 000 Population totale 462 000 000 Autres Langues Arabe (dialectes arabes) Religions aujourd'hui majoritairement Islam et autres religions abrahamiques , autrefois religions polythéistes modifier Le mot Arabes désigne à l'origine les habitants de la péninsule arabique , dont une partie parlait l'arabe … Islands and peninsulas near the Arab coast have changed hands. There are also numbers of Assyrian, Armenian, Syriac-Aramean and Arab Christians throughout Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Jordan, many of which have diminished due to various regional conflicts. Historically the 4,000-kilometer Mediterranean boundary has fluttered. Coptic, Maronite and Assyrian Christian enclaves exist in the Nile Valley, Levant and northern Iraq respectively. [37], According to the United Nations, 14% of Arab girls are married by the age of 18. In Mauritania and Yemen, the rate is lower than the average, at barely over 50%. The term "Arab" often connotes the Arabian Peninsula, but the larger (and more populous) part of the Arab World is North Africa. [36], Literacy rate is higher among the youth than adults. La ONU remarca su cooperación con la Liga Árabe para lograr alcanzar estabilidad en la región. Les saisons en arabe ne sont pas une période fixe. Egypt, the Levant and Hejaz also came under the Turkish Mamluk Sultanate. Syria, Lebanon, Palestine and Jordan record a high adult literacy rate of over 90%. 10. Pour garantir la qualité des commentaires, nous vous prions de vous identifier. Overall this wave has ebbed, though like the Arab expansion north it has left its mark. To the east, the Red Sea defines the boundary between Africa and Asia, and thus also between Arab Africa and Arab Western Asia. Région Souss Massa: Terre d'Excellence (Plaquette Institutionnelle) Téléchargez. Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC) was 94%, followed by the Maghreb at 83.2% and the Mashriq at 73.6%. Its eight million square kilometers include two of the largest countries of the African continent, Algeria (2.4 million km2) in the center of the region and Sudan (1.9 million km2) in the southeast. Chad, Eritrea[26] and Israel all recognize Arabic as an official or working language, but none of them is a member-state of the Arab League, although both Chad and Eritrea are observer states of the League (with possible future membership) and have large populations of Arabic speakers. [24], Similarly, Djibouti has two official languages, Arabic and French. The Arab League's main goal is to unify politically the Arab populations so defined. Although Arabic is widely spoken by many people in the north and urban areas in the south, Somali is the most widely used language, and contains many Arabic loan words. Where present, these have had significant effects on regional politics, often enabling rentier states, leading to economic disparities between oil-rich and oil-poor countries, and, particularly in the more sparsely populated states of the Persian Gulf and Libya, triggering extensive labor immigration. However, the basic geography of sea, desert and mountain provides the enduring natural boundaries for this region. Displays of support for Iraq by Jordan and Palestine resulted in strained relations between many of the Arab states. Comme dans tous les pays arabes, l'utilisation de … Population centers north of it in Europe have invited contact and Arab exploration—mostly friendly, though sometimes not. Téléchargez. However, it was moved temporarily to Tunis during the 1980s, after Egypt was expelled for signing the Camp David Accords (1978). The culture of Sudan today depends on the tribe, some have a pure Nubian, Beja, or Arabic culture and some have a mixture of Arab and Nubian elements.[43]. - Dix ans après les mouvements de protestation, les experts affirment que les États du Golfe, avec leur puissance financière, ont gagné en importance dans la région - Agence Anadolu The Arab League was formed in 1945 to represent the interests of the Arabs, and especially to pursue the political unification of the Arab world, a project known as Pan-Arabism. The coast turns briefly but sharply south at Tunisia, slopes more gently southeastward through the Libyan capital of Tripoli, and bumps north through Libya's second city, Benghazi, before turning straight east again through Egypt's second city, Alexandria, at the mouth of the Nile. The region stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Indian Ocean in the southeast. In addition Bahrain, Egypt, Tunisia, and Sudan all have smaller but significant reserves. The conflict erupted after the withdrawal of Spain from the Spanish Sahara in accordance with the Madrid Accords, by which it transferred administrative control of the territory to Morocco and Mauritania, but not the sovereignty. Another one million people (a quarter of the population) were wounded,[citation needed] and today approximately 76,000 people remain displaced within Lebanon. The earliest documented use of the word Arab in reference to a people appears in the Kurkh Monoliths, an Akkadian-language record of the Assyrian conquest of Aram (9th century BCE). [6] A majority of these countries are located in Western Asia, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa; the southernmost member, the Comoros, is an island country off the coast of East Africa. Listed among the booty captured by the army … Along with the spine of Italy to its north, Tunisia thus marks the junction of western and eastern Mediterranean, and a cultural transition as well: west of Egypt begins the region of the Arab World known as the Maghreb include (Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and Mauritania). Above all, the GPI of Yemen is only 0.46 in a 53% adult literacy rate. East along the coast from Morocco are Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, followed by Egypt, which forms the region's (and the continent's) northeastern corner. Iraq was also aiming to replace Iran as the dominant Persian Gulf state. The Arab States region presented here follows the specific UNESCO definition which does not forcibly reflect geography. C’est un défi de grande envergure, considérant que cet horizon n’est pas si lointain et que le temps presse. In post-classical history, the Arab world was synonymous with the historic Arab empires and caliphates. In Africa, Algeria (10th world) and Libya are important gas exporters. 9. [12][13] Another influential document written without the consensus of the local population was the Balfour Declaration. Traduction Dictionnaire "K Dictionaries" Français - Arabe. These Arab states only gained their independence during or after World War II: the Republic of Lebanon in 1943, the Syrian Arab Republic and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 1946, the Kingdom of Libya in 1951, the Kingdom of Egypt in 1952, the Kingdom of Morocco and Tunisia in 1956, the Republic of Iraq in 1958, the Somali Republic in 1960, Algeria in 1962, and the United Arab Emirates in 1971. La région arabe peut y parvenir en tirant le meilleur parti du potentiel, de la compassion et de l’ingéniosité remarquables de ses habitants. The war continued in low intensity throughout the 1980s, though Morocco made several attempts to take the upper hand in 1989–1991. During the late 1970s, the Polisario Front, desiring to establish an independent state in the territory, successively fought both Mauritania and Morocco. Cependant, elles se produisent de façon presque régulière. These parameters may be applied[clarification needed] to the states and territories of the Arab League (which constitute the Arab world under the standard definition) and to other states and territories. Por Infobae Newsroom. While the Muslim Brotherhood had been active in Egypt since 1928, their militant actions were limited to assassination attempts on political leaders. The trade winds also help explain the presence of the Comoros islands, an Arab-African country, off the coast of Mozambique, near Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, the southernmost part of the Arab World. A period of decentralization ensued, characterized by a return to customary and religious law in many areas as well as the establishment of autonomous regional governments in the northern part of the country. The two most violent and prolonged conflicts in the aftermath of the Arab Spring are the Libyan Civil War and Syrian Civil War. In 1975, Moroccan government organized the Green March of some 350,000 Moroccan citizens, escorted by around 20,000 troops, who entered Western Sahara, trying to establish Moroccan presence. After World War II, Pan-Arabism sought to unite all Arabic-speaking countries into one political entity. It was initially referred to in English as the "Gulf War" prior to the "Gulf War" of 1990. This contrasts with the situation in the wider Islamic world, where, in contiguous Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan, the Perso-Arabic script is used and Arabic is the primary liturgical language, but the tongue is not official at the state level or spoken as a vernacular. Arab States. En outre, seules 17 % d’entre elles travaillent en dehors du secteur agricole. The sentiment of Arab nationalism arose in the second half of the 19th century along with other nationalisms within the declining Ottoman Empire. [29] Greece and Cyprus also recognize Cypriot Maronite Arabic under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. It is mainly oriented along an east–west axis. Il est préférable de se rappeler que les saisons ne sont pas fixes. The establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 has given rise to the Arab–Israeli conflict, one of the major unresolved geopolitical conflicts. Sherif Hussein ibn Ali. [35] According to a UN survey, in the Arab world, the average person reads four pages a year and one new title is published each year for every 12,000 people. In some countries, the share of women experiencing violence and abuse by intimate partner reaches 70%. La pandémie du COVID-19 a révélé des failles, des fissures et des faiblesses dans les sociétés et les économies du monde entier, et la région arabe ne fait pas exception. A cease-fire agreement was finally reached between the Polisario Front and Morocco in September 1991. The Persian Gulf is particularly well-endowed with this strategic raw material: five Persian Gulf states, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, the UAE, Kuwait, and Qatar, are among the top ten petroleum or gas exporters worldwide. Notably, every Arab country borders a sea or ocean, with the exception of the Arab region of northern Chad, which is completely landlocked. Iran has about 1.5 million Arabic speakers. Similarly, the 2011 Freedom House report classifies the Comoros and Mauritania as "electoral democracies",[46] Lebanon, Kuwait and Morocco as "partly free", and all other Arab states as "not free". An Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty was signed in 1979. Le Printemps arabe est né. Their expansion beyond Arabia and the Syrian desert is due to the Muslim conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries. The Comoros has three official languages: Arabic, Comorian and French. In the Arab world, Modern Standard Arabic, derived from Classical Arabic (symptomatic of Arabic diglossia), serves as an official language in the Arab League states, and Arabic dialects are used as lingua franca. région ultrapériphérique \ʁe.ʒjɔ̃ yl.tʁa.pe.ʁi.fe.ʁik\ féminin (Union européenne) Territoire appartenant à l’Union européenne tout en se trouvant hors du continent européen. In Syria, the Damascus Spring of 2000 to 2001 heralded the possibility of democratic change, but the Baathist regime managed to suppress the movement. While the Arab world had been of limited interest to the European colonial powers, the British Empire being mostly interested in the Suez Canal as a route to British India, the economic and geopolitical situation changed dramatically after the discovery of large petroleum deposits in the 1930s, coupled with the vastly increased demand for petroleum in the west as a result of the Second Industrial Revolution. Frishkopf: 61: "No universally accepted definition of 'the Arab world' exists, but it is generally assumed to include the twenty-two countries belonging to the Arab League that have a combined population of about 280 million (Seib 2005, 604). In terms of GDP per capita, Qatar is the richest developing country in the world.[53]. When the Ottoman Empire collapsed as a result of World War I, much of the Arab world came to be controlled by the European colonial empires: Mandatory Palestine, Mandatory Iraq, British protectorate of Egypt, French protectorate of Morocco, Italian Libya, French Tunisia, French Algeria, French Mandate of Syria and Lebanon and the so-called Trucial States, a British protectorate formed by the sheikhdoms on the former "Pirate Coast". However, Morocco remained under the rule of the Zenata Wattasid dynasty, which was succeeded by the Saadi dynasty in the 16th to 17th centuries. Oman, apart from brief intermittent Persian and Portuguese rule has, been self-governing since the 8th century. However, some of the larger states (in particular Egypt and Syria) have historically maintained geographically definable boundaries, on which some of the modern states are roughly based. The peninsula is roughly a tilted rectangle that leans back against the slope of northeast Africa, the long axis pointing toward Turkey and Europe. [33][34], According to UNESCO, the average rate of adult literacy (ages 15 and older) in this region is 76.9%. Arab, one whose native language is Arabic. Pan-Arabism has mostly been abandoned as an ideology since the 1980s, and was replaced by Pan-Islamism on one hand, and individual nationalisms on the other. It is surrounded by water on three sides (west, north, and east) and desert or desert scrubland on the fourth (south). He went on to subdue the rest of Nejd, Al-Hasa, Jebel Shammar, Asir, and Hejaz (location of the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina) between 1913 and 1926. [42] Arab tribes and federations such as Nabataeans, Tanukhids, Salihids, Ghassanids, and numerous other groups were prevalent in southern Levant (Syrian Desert) and northern Arabia. Arabic is used as the lingua franca throughout the Arab world. The United Nations published an Arab human development report in 2002, 2003 and 2004. The Somali coast then takes a hairpin turn back southwest to complete the horn of Africa. Another visitor from northern shores, Turkey, controlled the east of the region for centuries, though not as a colonizer. Dictionnaire Collaboratif     Français-Arabe, 'région' également trouvé dans les traductions du dictionnaire Arabe-Français. The Iran–Iraq War (also known as the First Gulf War and by various other names) was an armed conflict between the armed forces of Iraq and Iran, lasting from September 1980 to August 1988, making it the second longest conventional war of the 20th century. The Arab world straddles two continents, Africa and Asia. Today small Jewish communities remain, ranging anywhere from just 10 in Bahrain, to more than 1,000 in Tunisia and some 3,000 in Morocco. These struggles were settled by the imperial powers approving the form of independence given, so as a consequence almost all of these borders have remained. The invasion of Kuwait by Iraq forces, led to the 1990–91 Persian Gulf War. Next south along the coast from Mauritania is Senegal, whose abrupt border belies the gradient in culture from Arab to indigenous African that historically characterizes this part of West Africa. Iraq was conquered in 633, Levant (modern Syria, Israel, Palestine, Jordan and Lebanon ) between 636 and 640 CE. It is believed that the Arab world holds approximately 46% of the world's total proven oil reserves and a quarter of the world's natural-gas reserves.[45]. In modern usage, it embraces any of the Arabic-speaking peoples living in the vast region from Mauritania, on the Atlantic coast of Africa, to southwestern Iran, including the entire Maghrib of North Africa, Egypt and Sudan, the Arabian Peninsula, and Syria and Iraq. Some of these borders were agreed upon without consultation of those individuals that had served the colonial interests of Britain or France. The language of an individual nation is called Darija, which means "everyday/colloquial language"[14] or Aammiyya. This sea is a long and narrow waterway with a northwest tilt, stretching 2,300 kilometers from Egypt's Sinai peninsula southeast to the Bab-el-Mandeb strait between Djibouti in Africa and Yemen in Arabia but on average just 150 kilometers wide.