This migration continued until restrictive laws were enacted in 1921 that in effect closed the door on non-Europeans. [162], African Diasporan spending power is estimated to be in excess of $2 Trillion USD, This article is about emigration from Africa in historic times. [137][138][139] Genetic testing has shown the Andamani to belong to the Y-Chromosome Haplogroup D-M174, which is in common with Australian Aboriginals and the Ainu people of Japan rather than the actual African diaspora.[140]. [52] Their descendants are now found around the globe, but because of intermarriage they are not necessarily readily identifiable. [41][49] Juan Garrido was such an African conquistador. The Mauritian creole people are the descendants of African slaves similar to those in the Americas. populations were highly mixed, stemming from the large mixed ancestry population rather than a heterogenous distribution of groups of individuals with single ethnic ancestry. [96] The 2011 autosomal study samples came from blood donors (the lowest classes constitute the great majority of blood donors in Brazil [97]), and also public health institutions personnel and health students. Later during the antebellum years, other individual African Americans escaped to Canada, mostly to locations in Southwestern Ontario, via the Underground Railroad, a system supported by both blacks and whites to assist fugitive slaves. As of 2020, there were approximately 1,000,000 Afro-Germans (not including those of mixed ethnicity). [154] Justinian had two wishes for this proposed alliance: first, for Aksum to purchase and distribute Indian silk to the Byzantine Empire to undermine Persia economically, and second, for Aksum-ruled Himyar to invade Persia, led by the general Caisus. [143] A man identified as Bishop Thomas journeyed to Aksum to report on the persecution of Christians in Himyar to the Aksumite Kingdom. Población afrodescendiente en viviendas particulares por sexo, según lugar de nacimiento. [153] The new Himyarite nation consisted of several thousand Aksumite emigrants, serving as one of the earliest examples of a large-scale movement of tropical Africans outside of the continent. La diaspora africaine constitue également une réserve de ressources humaines et de savoir-faire à mettre au service du développement économique. [151] [152] More Aksumite soldiers remained in Himyar to claim land. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) They mainly live in the islands of Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao and Saint Martin, the latter of which is also partly French-controlled. Aux Antilles, la part de la population ayant des ancêtres indiens est importante. [108] Out of the 12 million people from Africa who were shipped to the Americas during the transatlantic slave trade,[109] 645,000 were shipped to the British colonies on the North American mainland and the United States. Ils ne sont pas les seuls esclaves du pays ; on y compte en effet également des Circassiens, des Géorgiens ainsi que des Iraniens. Beginning several centuries ago, a number of Africans, usually via Zanzibar as Zanj and from places such as Niger, Saudi Arabia, Libya, Kenya and Sudan,[127] came to the Ottoman Empire settled by the Dalaman, Menderes and Gediz valleys, Manavgat, and Çukurova. [107] A total of 1,840,000 slaves arrived at other British colonies, chiefly the West Indies in the Caribbean.[107]. Thinkers like W. E. B. Dubois and more recently Robin Kelley, for example, have argued that black politics of survival reveal more about the meaning of the African diaspora than labels of ethnicity and race, and degrees of skin hue. Le sujet de l'esclavage dans le monde musulman est néanmoins tabou et ce sujet est peu abordé dans la recherche historique. Demand for African labour increased in the Caribbean because of the massive deaths among the Taíno and other indigenous populations, resulting primarily from Eurasian infectious diseases to which they had no immunity, as well as conflict with the Spanish, and harsh working conditions. [123][124], During the 1930s fifteen Black American families moved to the Soviet Union as agricultural experts. At the same time, Rihanna is Barbados's honorary ambassador of youth and culture and has signed a multi-year deal to promote Barbados for the Barbados Tourism Authority. Ils sont particulièrement présents en France (voir l'article Noirs en France), au Royaume-Uni, au Portugal, aux Pays-Bas, en Allemagne, en Espagne, en Belgique, en Italie et en Suède. 1 Dans sa stratégie de mobilisation de la diaspora, le Conseil exécutif de l¶Union africaine considère que la diaspora africaine est constituée par « les personnes d¶origine africaine vivant hors du continent africain, qui sont désireuses de contribuer à son développement et à la construction de l¶Union africaine, quelles que soient leur citoyenneté et leur nationalité ». Considérée comme la « sixième région » d’Afrique, la diaspora africaine est composée d’environ 112.65 millions de personnes en Amérique latine, 39.16 millions de personnes en Amérique du Nord, 13.56 millions aux Caraïbes et 3.51 millions en Europe, d’après les chiffres officiels de l’Union africaine … Un Afro-Indien(ne) est une personne possédant à la fois des origines africaine et indienne[précision nécessaire]. [98], According to an autosomal DNA study from 2010, "a new portrayal of each ethnicity contribution to the DNA of Brazilians, obtained with samples from the five regions of the country, has indicated that, on average, European ancestors are responsible for nearly 80% of the genetic heritage of the population. [134][135] Most of these claims are rejected by mainstream ethnologists as pseudoscience and pseudoanthropology, as part of ideologically motivated Afrocentrist irredentism, touted primarily among some extremist elements in the United States who do not reflect on the mainstream African-American community. In the early-20th century, to institutionalize racial segregation, most southern states adopted the "one drop rule", which defined and recorded anyone with any discernible African ancestry as "black", even those of obvious majority native European or of majority-Native-American ancestry. For Iton, the traditional approach to the African diaspora focuses on the ruptures associated with the Atlantic slave trade and Middle Passage, notions of dispersal, and "the cycle of retaining, redeeming, refusing, and retrieving 'Africa. In der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Selon Behnaz Mirzai, entre 10 et 15 % de la population du sud de l'Iran serait d'origine africaine. These were primarily former slaves who had escaped to British lines for promised freedom during the Revolution. [47] The dispersal through slave trading represents the largest forced migrations in human history. In this work we analyzed the information content of 28 ancestry-informative SNPs into multiplexed panels using three parental population sources (African, Amerindian, and European) to infer the genetic admixture in an urban sample of the five Brazilian geopolitical regions. The overtures made by the Byzantine Empire to influence Himyar demonstrate that the Aksumite settlers in Himyar, due to their sustained residence and political organization, constituted a “stable community in exile,” which historian Carlton Wilson deems a necessary condition to classify a settlement as a diaspora. Ces chiffres sans commune mesure cachent mal en réalité, une croissance exponentielle de l’immigration africaine. Pairwise estimates of F(st) among the five Brazilian geopolitical regions suggested little genetic differentiation only between the South and the remaining regions. Data was used to infer genetic ancestry in Brazilians with an admixture model. [113][114] The largest African immigrant communities in the United States are in New York, followed by California, Texas, and Maryland.[112]. In Colombia, the African slaves were first brought to work in the gold mines of the Department of Antioquia. Brazil - 55.9 Million . [57] While Rihanna is by no means the first artist, or even the first black female artist to reach this level of stardom, unlike her peers her diasporic citizenship is characterized by her Caribbean identity. Continuous waves of rebellion, such as the Baptist War led by Sam Sharpe in Jamaica, created the conditions for the incremental abolition of slavery in the region, with Great Britain abolishing it in 1838. There are several conceptual difficulties in defining the African diaspora—indeed, in defining the term diaspora. Just a century later, Aksum’s relationship to this southwestern part of the Arabian peninsula would be pivotal to the introduction of Islam at Mecca and Yathrib (Medina), as evidenced by the naming of Bilal,[157] an Ethiopian,[158] as the first muezzin, and the flight of some of Muhammad's earliest followers from Mecca to Askum. These groups include, among others, Negritos, such as in the case of the peoples of the Malay Peninsula (Orang Asli);[130] New Guinea (Papuans);[131] Andamanese; certain peoples of the Indian subcontinent,[132][133] and the aboriginal peoples of Melanesia and Micronesia. There were four invasions and subsequent settlements of Aksumites in Himyar, located across the Red Sea in modern-day Yemen. Robyn Rihanna Fenty is a global superstar whose music transcends national borders and as such is a perfect case for the diaspora citizen framework. [145] Dhu Nuwas fled this first invasion,[146] and at least 580 Aksumite soldiers remained in Himyar. Many Afro-Dutch people reside in the Netherlands. Quasiment nul avant 1945, le mouvement migratoire des Africains vers les Etats-Unis a connu un essor important après 1965 et s’est accéléré depuis 1980. He crossed the Atlantic as a freedman in the 1510s and participated in the siege of Tenochtitlan. The diaspora has continued for millennia, but historically,[when?] Objet: Contribuer au développement de la recherche biomédicale, et à la promotion des nouvelles technologies en Afrique. [citation needed]. See Emigration from Africa for a general treatment of voluntary population movements since the late 20th century. They live mostly in urban areas in England. The African diaspora consists of the worldwide collection of communities descended from native Africans or people from Africa, predominantly in the Americas. « J’irai l’année prochaine » : les impossibles vacances « au pays » de la diaspora africaine de France ... Un chiffre sous-estimé, selon les médecins, qui multiplient les appels de détresse sur les réseaux sociaux, s’alarmant d’une situation catastrophique dans plusieurs hôpitaux. In the early 16th century, more Africans began to enter the population of the Spanish Caribbean colonies, sometimes as freedmen, but most often as enslaved servants and workers. Ils sont minoritaires dans cette dernière île. Kaleb sent reinforcements in another attempt to end the rebellion, but his soldiers were defeated and forced to turn around. Jim Crow and anti-miscegenation laws passed after the 1863–1877 Reconstruction era in the South in the late-19th century, plus waves of vastly increased immigration from Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries, maintained much distinction between racial groups. In 1804, Haiti, with what had been an overwhelmingly black slave population and leadership, became the second nation in the Americas to win independence from a European state and create a republic. "Following an increasing North to South gradient, European ancestry was the most prevalent in all urban populations (with values up to 74%). Cette section est vide, insuffisamment détaillée ou incomplète. Of 42 countries surveyed by a European Commission against Racism and Intolerance study in 2007, it was found that 29 collected official statistics on country of birth, 37 on citizenship, 24 on religion, 26 on language, 6 on country of birth of parents, and 22 on nationality or ethnicity. In Brazil, where in 1888 nearly half the population descended from African slaves, the variation of physical characteristics extends across a broad range. African diaspora populations include but are not limited to: African ancestry has contributed to the formation of Brazil, along with European and Amerindian ancestries. ", "Pardo category includes Castizos, Mestizos, Caboclos, Gypsies, Eurasians, Hafus and Mulattoes Cafuzos", "PROFILE AMERICA FACTS FOR FEATURES: CB17-FF.01 – National African-American History Month: February 2017", "visibilización estadística de los grupos étnicos", https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/africa/the-african-diaspora-in-france/, https://web.archive.org/web/20141129084527/http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-999239, https://www.arabnews.com/node/1256666/saudi-arabia, https://www.britannica.com/place/Jamaica/People, "2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom", "Principales resultados de la Encuesta Intercensal 2015 Estados Unidos Mexicanos", https://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t20/e245/p04/provi/l0/&file=00000008.px#!tabs-tabla, https://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri-2019/, "The ethnicity of the Dominican population", "Ethnic groups of the Dominican Republic", https://web.archive.org/web/20140603230454/http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/cepde/cpv2012/20140428informenacional/46_tabla_II_4.pdf, https://www.focus.de/wissen/mensch/sprache/es-gibt-einige-die-entsetzt-waren-zu-besuch-in-neger-und-mohrenkirch-koennen-ortsnamen-rassistisch-sein_id_12824108.html, "Trinidad and Tobago 2011 Population and Housing Census: Demographic Report", http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/pubs/Chapter2_Population_Composition.pdf, "Cuadro P42. En effet, beaucoup d'Antillais pensent qu'ils ont uniquement des origines africaines et/ou européenne parce que souvent ils ne reconnaissent pas les traits physiques indiens sur leur visage et que l'opinion publique a tendance à croire qu'aux Antilles on est soit noir ou blanc sans être métissé. Les transferts de fonds de la diaspora africaine en direction de leurs pays d’origine d’Afrique subsaharienne ont atteint 46 milliards de dollars en 2018, contre 42 milliards une année auparavant, selon un nouveau rapport de la Banque mondiale. As of 2016, there were 1,045,120 Africans. La diaspora africaine est l’ensemble des personnes d’origine africaine vivant à l’étranger, c’est-à-dire hors Afrique. Czar Peter the Great was advised by his friend Lefort to bring in Africans to Russia for hard labor. From this view, the daily struggle against what they call the "world-historical processes" of racial colonization, capitalism, and Western domination defines blacks' links to Africa. The diaspora citizen theory allows us to better understand the complexities associated with stars like Rihanna whose cultural influence has transcended national borders and created a complex relationship between the artist and the various cultural regions they are associated with. Cuba (under the Spanish Crown) was the last island to emancipate its slaves. Ils habitent aussi dans l'océan Indien dans les îles Seychelles, La Réunion et à Maurice. [122][126], Afro Turks are people of Zanj (Bantu) descent in Turkey. [100] It is important to note that "the samples came from free of charge paternity test takers, thus as the researchers made it explicit: "the paternity tests were free of charge, the population samples involved people of variable socioeconomic strata, although likely to be leaning slightly towards the "pardo" group". The phrase African diaspora gradually entered common usage at the turn of the 21st century. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 10 janvier 2021 à 14:32. "[56]:199–200 Iton adds that this impossibility of settlement—this "modern matrix of strange spaces—outside the state but within the empire,"—renders notions of black citizenship fanciful, and in fact, "undesirable." African diaspora populations include but are not limited to: African Americans, Afro-Caribbeans, Afro-Latin Americans, Black Canadians – descendants of enslaved West Africans brought to the United States, the Caribbean, and South America during the Atlantic slave trade. Les cameleons de la finance populaire au Senegal et dans la Diaspora : dynamique des tontines et des caisses villageoises entre Thilogne, Dakar et la France Kane, A. In the United States, there was historically a greater European colonial population in relation to African slaves, especially in the Northern Tier. Kaleb sent 3,000 soldiers to quell this rebellion, led by one of his relatives, but these soldiers joined Abreha’s rebellion upon arrival and killed Kaleb’s relative. [153] The Byzantine ruler Justinian learned of this development and sent an ambassador, Julianus, to ally Aksum and Himyar with the Byzantine Empire against Persia. En 2014, 3’279 vies de migrants ont été perdues en la méditerranée pendant la même période. Clara E. Rodriguez, "Challenging Racial Hegemony: Puerto Ricans in the United States," in, 1/4 of the French African population comes from the, CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2021 (, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, List of topics related to the African diaspora, "The Diaspora Prepared to Invest in Africa", "African diaspora remittances are better than foreign aid funds: diaspora-driven development in the 21st Century", "Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, "Pode a genética definir quem deve se beneficiar das cotas universitárias e demais ações afirmativas? Población afrodescendiente en viviendas particulares por sexo, según grupo de edad. ethnographers, historians, politicians and writers have used the term particularly to refer to the descendants of the West and Central Africans who were enslaved and shipped to the Americas via the Atlantic slave trade between the 16th and 19th centuries, with their largest populations in Brazil, the United States and Haiti. This number is difficult to estimate because the French census does not use race as a category for ideological reasons.[121]. Stephen D. Behrendt, David Richardson, and David Eltis. "Brazilian homogeneity is, therefore, a lot greater between Brazilian regions than within Brazilians region". The described multiplexed SNP panels can be useful tool for bioanthropological studies but it can be mainly valuable to control for spurious results in genetic association studies in admixed populations". [144] As a result, the Aksumite king Ahayawa invaded Himyar. One of the results of this implementation was the loss of records of Native-identified groups, who were classified only as black because of being mixed-race. Moreover, local discussions surrounding Barbadian national pride, Victorian notions of female propriety and Christian ideas about decency which Rihanna's emergence and ascendancy have provoked, continue to capture the Barbadian public's imaginations and dominate the opinions expressed in their newspaper columns and call-in programmes”[57]. The Jamaican Marcus Garvey formed the UNIA movement in the United States, continuing with Aimé Césaire's négritude movement, which was intended to create a pan-African movement across national lines. Further, Iton suggests a new starting principle for the use of diaspora: "the impossibility of settlement that correlates throughout the modern period with the cluster of disturbances that trouble not only the physically dispersed but those moved without traveling. Concentrés dans le sud du pays, ils travaillent dans la pêche, l’agriculture, comme domestiques, voire comme soldats. For them, it is a movement of liberation that opposes the implications of racialization. These discontented Himyarites then united under nobleman Sumyafa Ashwa. The states with the highest percentages of people of African descent are Mississippi (36%), and Louisiana (33%). Their position assumes that Africans and their descendants abroad struggle to reclaim power over their lives through voluntary migration, cultural production and political conceptions and practices. The European contribution is highest in Southern Brazil (77%), the African highest in Northeast Brazil (27%) and the Native American is the highest in Northern Brazil (32%). Blacks of Caribbean origin are usually denoted as "West Indian Canadian", "Caribbean Canadian" or more rarely "Afro-Caribbean Canadian", but there remains no widely used alternative to "Black Canadian" which is considered inclusive of the African, Afro-Caribbean, and African-American black communities in Canada. [43] The term diaspora originates from the Greek διασπορά (diaspora, literally "scattering") which gained popularity in English in reference to the Jewish diaspora before being more broadly applied to other populations. Some blacks of unknown origin once inhabited southern Abkhazia; today, they have been assimilated into the Abkhaz population. Elle est la conséquence directe et conjointe du fort taux d'émigration que connaît le Maroc depuis son indépendance en 1956. L'histoire des Iraniens d'origine africaine était un sujet méconnu, jusqu'à ce que l'universitaire Behnaz Mirzai s'y intéresse à partir des années 1990. Ils sont minoritaires partout sauf aux Antilles, où la population résulte du métissage entre Européens et de subsahariens. page de divertissement et de partage Some Pan-Africanists also consider other peoples as diasporic African peoples. Like the Afro-Abkhazians, they trace their origin to the Ottoman slave trade. A tous ceux qui veulent lutter, informer, débattre, échanger, et même partager vos idées, vos connaissances. In places that imported relatively few slaves (like Chile), few if any are considered "black" today. [117] The census surveys have no provision for a "multiracial" or "biracial" self-identity, but since 2000, respondents may check off more than one box and claim multiple ethnicity that way. In Central and South America, most people are descended from European, Amerindian, and African ancestry. This number is difficult to estimate because the German census does not use race as a category. [53], In the last decades, studies on the African diaspora have shown an interest in the roles that Africans played in bringing about modernity. La diaspora africaine de France envoie-t-elle ses 10 milliards annuels à la bonne adresse ? Both of these plans failed, as Persia’s proximity to India made the interruption of their silk trade impossible, and neither Himyar nor Aksum saw value in attacking an adversary that was both stronger and far too distant. However, in places like Brazil and the Dominican Republic, blackness is performed in more taboo ways than it is in, say, the United States. [155], A third invasion was prompted by a rebellion of Aksumite soldiers between 532 and 535,[156] led by the former slave[153] and Aksumite commander[156] Abreha, against Sumyafa Ashwa. (2000). La diaspora africaine, est une population qui résulte d'une part de la déportation de personnes d'Afrique subsaharienne à l'époque des traites négrières et de leurs descendants à travers le monde, et du phénomène d'émigration d'autre part. Фемертпелф "Юетоще Тхуулйе": Уйопруйу", "Music Earns Black Hebrews Some Acceptance", The pride, passion and purpose of HK's Africans, "Guangzhou clarifies size of African community amid fears over Ebola virus", "Initiative Schwarze Menschen in Deutschland", "Revisiting the Genetic Ancestry of Brazilians Using Autosomal AIM-Indels", "The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected", "DNA de brasileiro é 80% europeu, indica estudo", "Genetic composition of Brazilian population samples based on a set of twenty-eight ancestry informative SNPs", Forensic Science International: Genetics. There are an estimated 500,000 black people in the Netherlands and the Dutch Antilles. [55], The late cultural and political theorist Richard Iton suggested that diaspora be understood as a "culture of dislocation." [citation needed], The African Union defined the African diaspora as "[consisting] of people of native African origin living outside the continent, irrespective of their citizenship and nationality and who are willing to contribute to the development of the continent and the building of the African Union." "Introduction" In J. E. Harris (ed.). Read full articles from Algerie360 and explore endless topics, magazines and more on your phone or tablet with Google News. Il a salué la contribution de la diaspora africaine au développement du continent, affirmant que, si la diaspora africaine collective était considérée comme le 56ème État africain, elle se classerait au premier rang en termes de "Pib" et aurait un Pib estimé à plus de 500 milliards de dollars américains. The largest population of the African Diaspora resides in the following nations. Mixture with white population happened mainly in the Caribbean coast, which is a mestizo area until today. In these mestizo areas the African culture has had a great influence. [44], Less commonly, the term has been used in scholarship to refer to more recent emigration from sub-Saharan Africa. Ce site --en français ou en anglais-- offre le programme des activités et des extraits du premier numéro de la revue Presence Africaine. Il… Ils sont minoritaires partout sauf aux Antilles, où la population résulte du métissage entre Européens et subsahariens. [161] The linkages within the black diaspora formulated through music allows consumers of music and artists to pull from different cultures to combine and create a conglomerate of experiences that reaches across the world. the UK). The relationship is not one that is without conflict, she writes, but argues that the two groups can no longer continue to segregate themselves from each other. Plusieurs pays africains l'ont compris. [48] En ouvrant le marché convenu le 1er janvier 2021, nous allons vivre une nouvelle expérience d’intégration économique de l’ensemble des Etats membres de l’Union. Alexander Pushkin's great grandfather was the African princeling Abram Petrovich Gannibal, who became Peter's protégé, was educated as a military engineer in France, and eventually became general-en-chef, responsible for the building of sea forts and canals in Russia. : La migration africaine vers les Etats-Unis d'Amérique de 1960 à 2008 (Omn.Univ.Europ.) Cette page favorise l'unicité Diaspora africaine. Estimates of ancestry results are consistent with the heterogeneous genetic profile of Brazilian population, with a major contribution of European ancestry (0.771) followed by African (0.143) and Amerindian contributions (0.085). Cultural insiderism is used by nations to separate deserving and undeserving groups[54] and requires a "sense of ethnic difference" as mentioned in his book The Black Atlantic. Specifically, in 1492, Pedro Alonso Niño, a black Spanish seafarer, piloted one of Columbus's ships. Black immigration to Canada in the twentieth century consisted mostly of Caribbean descent. People of the African immigrant diaspora are the most educated population group in the United States—50 percent have bachelor's or advanced degrees, compared to 23 percent of native-born Americans. There was considerable racial intermarriage in colonial Virginia, and other forms of racial mixing during the slavery and post-Civil War years. [150] Kaleb successfully invaded Himyar with an Aksumite army in 525 and installed Sumyafa Ashwa to rule. A 2015 autosomal genetic study, which also analysed data of 25 studies of 38 different Brazilian populations concluded that: European ancestry accounts for 62% of the heritage of the population, followed by the African (21%) and the Native American (17%). Msia Kibona Clark explores the relationship between African Americans and the ‘new Diaspora’ of African immigrants to the United States. The results, published by the scientific magazine American Journal of Human Biology by a team of the Catholic University of Brasília, show that, in Brazil, physical indicators such as skin colour, colour of the eyes and colour of the hair have little to do with the genetic ancestry of each person, which has been shown in previous studies (regardless of census classification). Dodson, Howard and Sylviane A. Diouf, eds (2005). She is a hugely commercially successful artist operating in a popular-cultural market dictated by US global musical tastes. L'universitaire a réalisé un film à ce sujet, intitulé Afro-Iranian Lives[27]. Amazon.com: La Diaspora africaine aux Etats-Unis: intégration et/ou assimilation? La diaspora africaine au Canada : le cas des francophones à Montréal et à Toronto1 _____ Zusammenfassung Seit seiner Gründung ist Kanada ein Einwanderungsland. [149], In response to Dhu Nuwas’s Christian persecution, the new Aksumite king Kaleb first sent a group of Himyarite refugees in his Aksumite kingdom back into Himyar to stir up underground resistance against Dhu Nuwas. [96] "In all regions studied, the European ancestry was predominant, with proportions ranging from 60.6% in the Northeast to 77.7% in the South". Estimates of 2 to 3 million of African descent, although one quarter of the Afro-French population live in overseas territories. Much of the African diaspora became dispersed throughout the Americas, Europe, and Asia during the Atlantic, Trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean slave trades. This trend also opposes the traditional eurocentric perspective that has dominated history books showing Africans and its diasporans as primitive victims of slavery, and without historical agency. La diaspora africaine. [160] The Black Atlantic is possible because black people have a shared history rooted in oppression that is displayed in Black genres such as rap and reggae. "[95], A 2011 autosomal DNA study, with nearly 1000 samples from all over the country ("whites", "pardos" and "blacks"), found out a major European contribution, followed by a high African contribution and an important Native American component. [115] The mixing event occurred before 1860,[115] and likely took place during the British colonial period in the Southern United States. The idea behind Trey Ellis Cultural Mulatto comes into play as there are blurred lines between what is considered as black. Ils sont les descendants d'esclaves, arrivés en Iran à partir du XVIIIe siècle par l'intermédiaire de négociants arabes. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.

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