For the purposes of this introduction, this territorial definition is combined with a linguistic one (use of the Arabic language, or its recognition as critical to identity), and thereby extended into multiple diasporas, especially the Americas, Europe, Southeast Asia, West Africa, and Australia. It also has several formally recognized national languages; besides Somali, many people speak Afar, which is also an Afro-Asiatic language. In addition Bahrain, Egypt, Tunisia, and Sudan all have smaller but significant reserves. These struggles were settled by the imperial powers approving the form of independence given, so as a consequence almost all of these borders have remained. By some definitions,[21][27] Arab citizens of Israel may concurrently be considered a constituent part of the Arab world. Lire plus. After World War II, Pan-Arabism sought to unite all Arabic-speaking countries into one political entity. Pour ajouter des entrées à votre liste de, Voir plus d'exemples de traduction Français-Arabe en contexte pour “, Apprenez l’anglais, l’espagnol et 5 autres langues gratuitement, Reverso Documents : traduisez vos documents en ligne, Expressio : le dictionnaire d'expressions françaises, Apprenez l'anglais avec vos vidéos préférées, واو - التصنيف والترميز القطريان على الصعيد. The Maghreb was also conquered in the 7th century, and gradually Arabized under the Fatimids. Arab Africa comprises the entire northern third of the continent. The Arab League's main goal is to unify politically the Arab populations so defined. A growing class of young, educated, secular citizens with access to modern media such as Al Jazeera (since 1996) and communicating via the internet began to form a third force besides the classical dichotomy of Pan-Arabism vs. Pan-Islamism that had dominated the second half of the 20th century. The islands of Sicily and Malta lie just a hundred kilometers east of the Tunisian city of Carthage, which has been a point of contact with Europe since its founding in the first millennium BCE; both Sicily and Malta at times have been part of the Arab World. Disponible en anglais et arabe, ce volume est un recueil de contributions de formateurs des cours régionaux principaux du centre ICCROM-ATHAR. Tunisie : 7e anniversaire du "Printemps arabe" 14 janvier 2018. The invasion of Kuwait by Iraq forces, led to the 1990–91 Persian Gulf War. Youth literacy rate (ages 15–24) in the Arab region increased from 63.9 to 76.3% from 1990 to 2002. Arab Africa's boundary to the north is again a continental boundary, the Mediterranean Sea. Though the sea is navigable along its length, historically much contact between Arab Africa and Arab Western Asia has been either overland across the Sinai or by sea across the Mediterranean or the narrow Bab al Mendeb strait. [55] This is only smaller than the GDP of US, China, Japan and Germany. There was also a mass exodus of almost one million people from Lebanon. [18], This standard territorial definition is sometimes seen to be inappropriate[19] or problematic,[20] and may be supplemented with certain additional elements (see ancillary linguistic definition below). A cease-fire agreement was finally reached between the Polisario Front and Morocco in September 1991. [36], Literacy rate is higher among the youth than adults. Its permanent headquarters are located in Cairo. The modern borders of Egypt, therefore, are not a creation of European powers, and are at least in part based on historically definable entities which are in turn based on certain cultural and ethnic identifications. This has made the idea of a pan-Arab nation-state increasingly less feasible and likely. These Arab states only gained their independence during or after World War II: the Republic of Lebanon in 1943, the Syrian Arab Republic and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 1946, the Kingdom of Libya in 1951, the Kingdom of Egypt in 1952, the Kingdom of Morocco and Tunisia in 1956, the Republic of Iraq in 1958, the Somali Republic in 1960, Algeria in 1962, and the United Arab Emirates in 1971. While at first met with just minor resistance by the Polisario, Morocco later engaged a long period of guerilla warfare with the Sahrawi nationalists. In recent years a new term has been coined to define a greater economic region: the MENA region (standing for "Middle East and North Africa") is becoming increasingly popular, especially with support from the current US administration. Le 17 décembre 2010, il y a tout juste dix ans, un jeune vendeur de rue à Sidi Bouzid, dans le centre de la Tunisie, provoquait en s’immolant une tempête politique qui allait rapidement s’étendre au reste du pays, puis à l’ensemble de la région arabophone dans ce qu’il est convenu, depuis 2011, d’appeler « le printemps arabe ». ", Tilmatine Mohand, Substrat et convergences: Le berbére et l'arabe nord-africain (1999), in Estudios de dialectologia norteaafricana y andalusi 4, pp 99–119. The Arab world (Arabic: العالم العربي‎ al-ʿālam al-ʿarabī), formally the Arab homeland (الوطن العربي al-waṭan al-ʿarabī),[7][8][9] also known as the Arab nation (الأمة العربية al-ummah al-ʿarabīyyah), the Arabsphere, or the Arab states,[10] consists of the 22 Arab countries which are members of the Arab League. The region stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Indian Ocean in the southeast. The ICU subsequently splintered into more radical groups, notably Al-Shabaab, which have since been fighting the Somali government and its AMISOM allies for control of the region. Along with the spine of Italy to its north, Tunisia thus marks the junction of western and eastern Mediterranean, and a cultural transition as well: west of Egypt begins the region of the Arab World known as the Maghreb include (Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and Mauritania). There were some short-lived attempts at such unification in the mid-20th century, notably the United Arab Republic of 1958 to 1961. Somalia has two official languages, Arabic and Somali, both of which belong to the larger Afro-Asiatic language family. Utilisez le dictionnaire Français-Arabe de Reverso pour traduire région et beaucoup d’autres mots. Historically, slavery in the Muslim world developed out of pre-Islamic practices of slavery in the Arab world. In post-classical history, the Arab world was synonymous with the historic Arab empires and caliphates. Conservation du patrimoine culturel dans la région arabe : Questions relatives à la conservation et à la gestion des sites patrimoniaux. (Source: Opening speech of Mahmoud Khoudri, Algeria's Industry Minister, at the 37th General Assembly of the Iron & Steel Arab Union, Algiers, May 2006). [citation needed] The average rate of adult literacy shows steady improvement, and the absolute number of adult illiterates fell from 64 million to around 58 million between 1990 and 2000–2004. Arab States. In modern usage, it embraces any of the Arabic-speaking peoples living in the vast region from Mauritania, on the Atlantic coast of Africa, to southwestern Iran, including the entire Maghrib of North Africa, Egypt and Sudan, the Arabian Peninsula, and Syria and Iraq. Populations significatives par région Ligue arabe 422 000 000 Diaspora 40 000 000 Population totale 462 000 000 Autres Langues Arabe (dialectes arabes) Religions aujourd'hui majoritairement Islam et autres religions abrahamiques , autrefois religions polythéistes modifier Le mot Arabes désigne à l'origine les habitants de la péninsule arabique , dont une partie parlait l'arabe … However, some of the larger states (in particular Egypt and Syria) have historically maintained geographically definable boundaries, on which some of the modern states are roughly based. In terms of GDP per capita, Qatar is the richest developing country in the world.[53]. As members of the Arab League, however, they are considered part of the Arab world under the standard territorial definition. Arab Nationalist leaders of this period included Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Ahmed Ben Bella of Algeria, Michel Aflaq, Salah al-Din al-Bitar, Zaki al-Arsuzi, Constantin Zureiq and Shukri al-Kuwatli of Syria, Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr of Iraq, Habib Bourguiba of Tunisia, Mehdi Ben Barka of Morocco, and Shakib Arslan of Lebanon. The eastern part of the Arab world is called the Mashriq. C’est un défi de grande envergure, considérant que cet horizon n’est pas si lointain et que le temps presse. Southeast along the coast from Djibouti is Somalia, but the Somali coast soon makes a 90-degree turn and heads northeast, mirroring a bend in the coast of Yemen across the water to the north and defining the south coast of the Gulf of Aden. A chain of events leading to the destabilization of the authoritarian regimes established during the 1950s throughout the Arab world became apparent during the early years of the 21st century. There are also numbers of Assyrian, Armenian, Syriac-Aramean and Arab Christians throughout Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Jordan, many of which have diminished due to various regional conflicts. She turned to talk to somebody and as she was turning the paper moved and the ruler moved and that added considerable territory to the (new) Jordanians.[49]. Il est préférable de se rappeler que les saisons ne sont pas fixes. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 20 décembre 2020 à 22:48. [49], There was a famous story about a British consul, a lady named Gertrude Bell who drew the map between Iraq and Jordan, using transparent paper. La région arabe peut y parvenir en tirant le meilleur parti du potentiel, de la compassion et de l’ingéniosité remarquables de ses habitants. The Somali Civil War is an ongoing civil war taking place in Somalia. Pourtant, de plus en plus de femmes reçoivent une éducation dans le monde arabe. Ces cycles peuvent être modifiés dans des périodes de temps spécifiques. These reports, written by researchers from the Arab world, address some sensitive issues in the development of Arab countries: women empowerment, availability of education and information among others. The Arab League was formed in 1945 to represent the interests of Arab people and especially to pursue the political unification of the Arab countries; a project known as Pan-Arabism. Although Iraq hoped to take advantage of the revolutionary chaos in Iran (see Iranian Revolution, 1979) and attacked without formal warning, they made only limited progress into Iran and were quickly repelled by the Iranians who regained virtually all lost territory by June 1982. [36] The Arab Thought Foundation reports that just above 8% of people in Arab countries aspire to get an education. Industrial production has risen, for example the amount of steel produced between 2004 and 2005 rose from 8.4 to 19 million tonnes. Comment le printemps arabe a-t-il changé la carte géopolitique de la région ? The average GPI (Gender Parity Index) for adult literacy is 0.72, and gender disparity can be observed in Egypt, Morocco, and Yemen. Compartir en Facebook Compartir. [37], According to the United Nations, 14% of Arab girls are married by the age of 18. The early 2000s saw the creation of fledgling interim federal administrations, culminating in the establishment of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) in 2004. The peninsula is roughly a tilted rectangle that leans back against the slope of northeast Africa, the long axis pointing toward Turkey and Europe. [6] A majority of these countries are located in Western Asia, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa; the southernmost member, the Comoros, is an island country off the coast of East Africa. Another visitor from northern shores, Turkey, controlled the east of the region for centuries, though not as a colonizer. Today small Jewish communities remain, ranging anywhere from just 10 in Bahrain, to more than 1,000 in Tunisia and some 3,000 in Morocco. Emploi et Recrutement en Algérie, le site du recrutement au service des entreprises et candidats pour vos recherches d´offres d´emploi, jobs et CV en Algérie. 10. It refers to … Where present, these have had significant effects on regional politics, often enabling rentier states, leading to economic disparities between oil-rich and oil-poor countries, and, particularly in the more sparsely populated states of the Persian Gulf and Libya, triggering extensive labor immigration. Several states have declared Arabic to be an official or national language, although Arabic is not as widely spoken there. 15 janvier 2021. Comorian is the most widely spoken language, with Arabic having a religious significance, and French being associated with the educational system. The war began with a coup d'état carried out by the republican leader, Abdullah as-Sallal, which dethroned the newly crowned Imam al-Badr and declared Yemen a republic under his presidency. Since its foundation in 1989, the UMA's most significant accomplishment has been the establishment of a 7000 km highway crossing North Africa from Mauritania to Libya's border with Egypt. In some countries, the share of women experiencing violence and abuse by intimate partner reaches 70%. The Lebanese Civil War was a multifaceted civil war in Lebanon, lasting from 1975 to 1990 and resulting in an estimated 120,000 fatalities. La pandémie du COVID-19 a révélé des failles, des fissures et des faiblesses dans les sociétés et les économies du monde entier, et la région arabe ne fait pas exception. The central stretch of the highway, expected to be completed in 2010, will cross Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. Algeria is about three-quarters the size of India, or about one-and-a-half times the size of Alaska, the largest state in the United States. At the other extreme, the smallest autonomous mainland Arab country is Lebanon (10,452 km2), and the smallest island Arab country is Bahrain (665 km2). Arab nationalists who once opposed Islamic movements as a threat to their power, now deal with them differently for reasons of political reality.[48]. The language of an individual nation is called Darija, which means "everyday/colloquial language"[14] or Aammiyya. The Arab Abbasid Caliphate fell to the Mongol invasions in the 13th century. From northeast to southwest, Morocco, Western Sahara (mostly unilaterally annexed by Morocco), and Mauritania make up the roughly 2,000 kilometers of Arab Atlantic coastline. The other Arab countries are all republics. Voir toutes les publications. Spain still maintains two small enclaves, Ceuta and Melilla (called "Morocco Espanol"), along the otherwise Moroccan coast. Sherif Hussein ibn Ali. He went on to subdue the rest of Nejd, Al-Hasa, Jebel Shammar, Asir, and Hejaz (location of the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina) between 1913 and 1926. Many African states did not attain independence until the 1960s from France after bloody insurgencies for their freedom. Le Printemps arabe est né. Presque toutes les filles de la région MENA vont à l’école et les femmes sont plus nombreuses que les hommes à poursuivre des études universitaires. The North Yemen Civil War was fought in North Yemen between royalists of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen and factions of the Yemen Arab Republic from 1962 to 1970. At other times, kings, emirs or sheikhs were placed as semi-autonomous rulers over the newly created nation states, usually chosen by the same imperial powers that for some drew the new borders, for services rendered to European powers like the British Empire, e.g. One such agreement solely between Britain and France (to the exclusion of Sherif Hussein ibn Ali), signed in total secrecy until Lenin released the full text, was the Sykes-Picot Agreement. In 1975, Moroccan government organized the Green March of some 350,000 Moroccan citizens, escorted by around 20,000 troops, who entered Western Sahara, trying to establish Moroccan presence. Traductions en contexte de "arabe" en français-espagnol avec Reverso Context : république arabe syrienne, jamahiriya arabe libyenne, monde arabe, la région arabe, la ligue arabe The largest country in the Arab Western Asia is Saudi Arabia (2 million km2). The Arab world straddles two continents, Africa and Asia. Smaller ethno-religious minorities across the Arab League include the Yezidis, Yarsan and Shabaks (mainly in Iraq), the Druzes (mainly in Syria and also in Lebanon, Jordan) and Mandaeans (in Iraq). Arabic is used as the lingua franca throughout the Arab world. The trade winds also help explain the presence of the Comoros islands, an Arab-African country, off the coast of Mozambique, near Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, the southernmost part of the Arab World. During the late 1970s, the Polisario Front, desiring to establish an independent state in the territory, successively fought both Mauritania and Morocco. Plus d’une centaine d’associations, organisations et réseaux de la région arabe lancent une campagne pour l’annulation de la dette. For the next six years, Iran was on the offensive. The Western Sahara War was an armed struggle between the Sahrawi Polisario Front and Morocco between 1975 and 1991, being the most significant phase of the Western Sahara conflict. ", Gender equality in Arab world critical for progress and prosperity, UN report warns, "Ancient Levantine Arabic: A Reconstruction Based on the Earliest Sources and the Modern Dialects", "E. African Nations Back Kenyan Offensive in Somalia", "Arab Nationalism: Mistaken Identity by Martin Kramer", "World Bank: Saudi Arabia, strongest Arab economy", http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/05/05/147980.html, Language and change in the Arab Middle East: the evolution of modern political discourse Studies in Middle Eastern history, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab_world&oldid=995648650, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2015, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2019, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 22 December 2020, at 04:05. Darija is spoken and, to various extents, mutually understood in the Maghreb countries, especially Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, but it is unintelligible to speakers of other Arabic dialects, mainly for those in Egypt and the Arabian Peninsula. [29] Greece and Cyprus also recognize Cypriot Maronite Arabic under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. When the Ottoman Empire collapsed as a result of World War I, much of the Arab world came to be controlled by the European colonial empires: Mandatory Palestine, Mandatory Iraq, British protectorate of Egypt, French protectorate of Morocco, Italian Libya, French Tunisia, French Algeria, French Mandate of Syria and Lebanon and the so-called Trucial States, a British protectorate formed by the sheikhdoms on the former "Pirate Coast". The war continued in low intensity throughout the 1980s, though Morocco made several attempts to take the upper hand in 1989–1991. Islamism and Pan-Islamism were on the rise during the 1980s. Only Syria, Iraq, Egypt, Sudan, Tunisia, Libya and North Yemen considered the short-lived unification of the United Arab Republic. From northwest to southeast, Egypt, Sudan, and Eritrea form the African coastline, with Djibouti marking Bab al Mendeb's African shore. Today, Arab states are characterized by their autocratic rulers and lack of democratic control. Overall this wave has ebbed, though like the Arab expansion north it has left its mark. A period of decentralization ensued, characterized by a return to customary and religious law in many areas as well as the establishment of autonomous regional governments in the northern part of the country. Population centers north of it in Europe have invited contact and Arab exploration—mostly friendly, though sometimes not. Cette partie du monde est dotée d’une diversité et d’un potentiel formidables.