Postwar European politics had quickly become polarised between communists and anti-communists, and in France de Gaulle was keen to resist Communist Party attempts to monopolise the political dividends available to resistance heroes: politically Billancourt was a communist stronghold. Lifted suspensions, enhanced cooling, and special bodies were common on vehicles sold abroad. Decorate your laptops, water bottles, helmets, and cars. [212], RCI Banque is a wholly owned subsidiary that provides financial services for Renault marques worldwide and Nissan marques in Europe, Russia and South America. As well as its distinctive styling, Renault was to become known for its car safety by the independent company EuroNCAP[83] Thus, in 2001, the Laguna achieved a five-star rating,[83] followed in 2004 by the Modus. It sold well in France, but was eventually eclipsed by its sister vehicle, the Renault 11 hatchback, as the hatchback body style became more popular on this size of the car. In the late 1920s, it attempted to produce a high-power military engine to compete with the American Pratt & Whitney units, which proved unsuccessful, although its civil engines achieved better results. However, as a result of Renault's purchase of interest in Nissan in 1999, Yanase cancelled its licensing contract with Renault in the spring of 2000, and Nissan took over as the sole licensee, hence sales of Renault vehicles in Japan were transferred from Yanase Store locations to Nissan Red Stage Store locations. Renault and its Dacia subsidiary have won three "Autobest" car of the year awards for the Duster, Logan, and Symbol models. Le groupe automobile français Renault a dévoilé ce jeudi les images de sa R5, reine des années 1970, revisitée et électrique. [44], A few weeks after the Liberation of Paris, at the start of September 1944, the factory gates at Renault's Billancourt plant reopened. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Renault increased its involvement in motorsport, with novel inventions such as turbochargers in its Formula One cars. Details at p.47 and p.54-55. [online] Available at: http://logok...", "[…] Find it here: Nike Logo on logok.org […]", "Isn't this supposed to be frontpage news?". [61] The Jeep also used wheels and seats from Renault. In 2007, Saguez & Partners produced a version with the word "Renault" inside the yellow square. Renault introduced the turbo engine to Formula One when they debuted their first car, the Renault RS01 at Silverstone in 1977. The straight 8-cylinder Reinastella was introduced in 1929 and expanded to a range culminating in 1939 Suprastella. In the mid-1960s, Renault Australia was set up in Melbourne. renault posters. [186][187] In 1975, Robert Opron was named chief designer[187] and Renault Styling was divided into Interior, Exterior and Advanced Design groups.[185]. [35] Only in 1930 did all models place the radiator at the front. [42] He was incarcerated at Fresnes prison where he died on 24 October 1944 under unclear circumstances,[45] while awaiting trial. Logo Groupe Renault Partager sur : x. The Spyker logo displays a vintage airplane propeller that refers the historic Spyker company which ... FIAT (Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino) is the largest automobile manufacturer in Italy founded in 1899. At the time, cars were luxury items manufactured without assembly line advances. [160][161] Global Zoe sales reached the 50,000 unit mark in June 2016,[162] and achieved the 150,000 unit milestone in June 2019. This continued through the 1920s. [152] Clotilde Delbos is the acting CEO. After several rounds of talks, interrupted by VAZ's attempts to ally with Fiat and Magna, Renault agreed to the partnership under terms similar to its Nissan deal. [95] In July 2019, Renault took a 50% majority stake from JMEV through capital increase. Unique Renault Stickers designed and sold by artists. The partnership resulted in the marketing of Jeep vehicles in Europe. Founded in 1999, the Alliance is the world's leading automotive partnership. Renaults were somewhat successful on both road and track, including the 1984 Espace launch, which was Europe's first multi-purpose vehicle, a dozen years before any competitor. [44] A week later, on 4 October, Pierre Lefaucheux, a resistance leader with a background in engineering and top-level management, was appointed provisional administrator of the firm, assuming his responsibilities at once. Renault Sport develops and manufactures the Renault Sport-badged cars,[131] as the Renault Clio RS (for Renault Sport) and the Renault Mégane RS, which own the world records in their categories, such as the Nürburgring,[132] and the Suzuka circuit and awards from What Car?,[133] Evo, and other magazines. [143], Later, Renault provided a Renault Megane platform[citation needed] and sponsored the Schlesser-Renault Elf buggies that won the 1999[144] and 2000 editions. [193], Most of Renault engineering was decentralised until 1998, when the Technocentre became the main Renault's engineering facility. [62] The Alliance's 72% US content allowed it to qualify as a domestic vehicle, making it the first car with a foreign nameplate to win the award. Citroën models at the time were more innovative and popular than Renault's. [138] Renault bought the Enstone-based team for the 2016 season, rebranding it Renault. A completely new full-sized 4-door sedan, the Eagle Premier, was developed during the partnership between AMC and Renault. [69] The company was privatised in 1996. The production of at least 1,200 vehicles was halted. This was shown in October of that year and was called Renault Identité. [38] Between 1936 and 1938, a series of labour disputes, strikes, and worker unrest spread throughout the French automobile industry. [170] Renault collaborated with Better Place to produce a network of all-electric vehicles and thousands of charging stations in Denmark, planned to be operational by 2011. 1.1 1981–1992; 2 1992–2004; 3 2004–2015; 4 2015–present; 1972–1992. [190] In 1995, Design and Quality were merged under le Quément's direction. The current Renault logo was released in 2015. Worldwide … We've updated all these aspects to give ourselves a stronger identity, consistent with the renewal of our product range. [48] In subsequent years, the Renault family tried to have the nationalisation rescinded by French courts and receive compensation. Worldwide … Renault could initially offset losses through its tractor, railroad and weaponry businesses, while Citroën filed for bankruptcy, and was later acquired by Michelin. Renault initially acquired a 36.8% stake at a cost of $3.5 billion in Nissan, while Nissan, in turn, took a 15% non-voting stake in Renault. [80] In 2004, Renault sold a 51% majority stake in its agricultural machinery division, Renault Agriculture, to CLAAS. [17], The Renault corporation was founded on 25 February 1899 (1899-02-25) as Société Renault Frères by Louis Renault and his brothers Marcel and Fernand. The group was organised in three sections: Automobile Design; Truck, LCV and Bus Design; and Concept Cars and Advanced Design. [116] In October 2019, Bolloré was fired and replaced by Renault's CFO Clotilde Delbos as acting CEO. Renault is a French vehicle manufacturer established in 1899, is now the third biggest European automaker by production behind Volkswagen Group and PSA. [146], Renaults won the European Rally Championship four times, in 1970, 1999, 2004 and 2005. In … renault sweatshirts & hoodies. Il regroupe des marques aussi prestigieuses que Volvo, Renault Trucks ou Mack. The company unveiled a prototype, the Next Two (based on the Zoe), in February 2014. Constructeur. 2019 - Découvrez le tableau "4cv proto" de Seb sur Pinterest. In 1987, Renault named Patrick le Quément as chief designer[188] and created the Industrial Design Department to replace Renault Styling. In the frenzied atmosphere of those early post-liberation days, with many wild accusations, Renault was advised by his lawyers to present himself to a judge. The production output was estimated at 25,000 vehicles. [89] The site is located in a dedicated free trade area, neighboring Tanger Automotive City. A minimum of 5% recycled plastic was used and the vehicle's materials were 95% reusable. [44] Renault's were the only factories permanently expropriated by the French government. The smaller were the most popular while the least produced was the 18/24CV. [243], In 2007, Renault-Nissan entered talks with Indian manufacturer Bajaj Auto to develop a new ultra-low-cost car along the lines of the Tata Nano. This high quality free PNG image without any background is about renault, groupe renault, automobile manufacturer, renault automobiles and renault logo. [60] In 1982, Renault become the second European automaker to build cars in the US, after Volkswagen. Previous: Acura logo. Jeep-Eagle was the division Chrysler created out of the former AMC. Our brand identity covers the way Renault communicates, in words, pictures, sounds and movements, for example. [85] The resulting new alliance was to develop a replacement for the Smart based on the Twingo. "[22] By 1907, a significant percentage of London and Paris taxis had been built by Renault. [37] Logo Renault Sport - Photos - Newsroom Groupe Renault. – discuss], Renault plans to introduce autonomous vehicle technology by 2020. There is even a nod to the original ‘5’ on the side grid, the wheels and the rear logo. New Logo and Identity for Maison Dentaire by Studio July. 1997 Ancré dans une dynamique d’innovation permanente, le groupe investit dans les nouvelles technologies et met en ligne gueudet.fr premier site web d’un distributeur automobile en France. There were some very impressive entries, but the panel felt that Renault's impressive range of low-emission vehicles was the most tangible, and the most quantifiable. Medias Find here our photos and videos folders corresponding to our latest news. Retrouvez votre établissement favori en quelques clics grâce à MY Renault. [248] The proposal was later withdrawn.[249]. Lighter weight factory steel bodies powered by a 3,180 cubic centimetre (cc) six-cylinder motor provided a formula that lasted until the Second World War. ID : 5e3ec0f4127e527d5c2b7f63 . Providing business critical information, insights, and intelligence about the primary automotive markets in Africa. renault team reno turbo money car voitures pour les voitures pour vous sweatshirts et sweats à capuche. Headed for a Better Place", "Israel's Better Place and Renault partner in first mass-market electric vehicle", "Renault to End Better Place Partnership After Bankruptcy", "Ghosn says Nissan-Renault partnership makes EVs doable, companies couldn't go it alone – Autoblog Green", "Renault and Bolloré in electric car deal", "Renault launches its 'Renault eco²' line of vehicles", "Renault scoops environment award in 2008 Fleet World Honours", "R-Link Infotainment System Tops Independent Usability Study : full study", "R-Link Infotainment System Tops Independent Usability Study", "Renault unveils NEXT TWO autonomous prototype", "Patrick le Quément quitte Renault en septembre", "When Drawing is Thinking by Patrick Le Quément, Renault Design creator", "Renault opens new Shanghai design centre", "The globalization of Research & Development in industrial corporations: Towards "reverse innovation"? [103], During 2016, Renault changed position on the viability of small (B-segment) diesel cars in Europe, as they become significantly more expensive when re-engineered to comply with new emissions regulations as a result of the Volkswagen emissions scandal. Dans le but de sécuriser sa communication, Groupe Renault certifie ses documents avec Wiztrust depuis le 10 Avril 2020. In the early 1960s, Renault assembled CKD kits and marketed Ramblers in France. Of the few that were built, many went to scrap to aid the war effort. At the same time this brand is the major car producing company in France with a very rich history. Votre concessionnaire vous connaît vous et votre Renault. … Over the next three decades, the group diversified into areas including food processing, textiles, insurance, securities, and retail. [232], As well as sharing engines and joint-development of zero-emissions technology, Nissan increased its presence in Europe by badging various Renault van models such as the Renault Kangoo/Nissan Kubistar, Renault Master/Nissan Interstar and the Renault Trafic/Nissan Primastar. In the late 1960s and 1970s, the company established subsidiaries in Eastern Europe, most notably Dacia in Romania, and South America (many of which remain active) and forged technological cooperation agreements with Volvo and Peugeot,[58] (for instance, for the development of the PRV V6 engine, which was used in Renault 30, Peugeot 604, and Volvo 260 in the late 1970s). Date de publication : 08 février 2020. Download Renault Logo transparent PNG Image for free. Search results for group renault motors logo vectors. renault sweatshirts & hoodies. Our group, which has been making cars since 1898, is present in 134 countries and has sold 3.8 million vehicles in 2019. Smith, Michael Stephen (2006). From cliparts to people over logos … [9][21], Renault fostered its reputation for innovation from very early on. The company is responsible for the management of two joint companies, RNPO (Renault Nissan Purchasing Organization) and RNIS (Renault-Nissan Information Services). Engines, brakes, transmissions, floor and running boards and all external body panels were aluminium. [75] Signed on 27 March 1999, the Renault–Nissan Alliance is the first of its kind involving a Japanese and a French company, including cross-ownership. [101], In April 2015, the French government upped their stake in Renault from 15% to 19.73% with the aim of blocking a resolution at the next annual general meeting that could reduce its control over the company. Lorsqu’on se lance dans un projet d’achat de véhicule, nous aimons chercher, chiner, comparer afin de trouver son Graal : la fameuse « belle occaz’ ». To meet the major technological challenges of the future while continuing to pursue our profitable growth strategy, we are focusing on international expansion and drawing on the synergies of our five brands: Renault, Dacia, Renault Samsung Motors, … [140], Renault cars also participate of cross-country races, most prominently the Dakar Rally. Achetez votre Renault Alpine A310 d'occasion en toute sécurité avec Reezocar et trouvez le meilleur prix grâce à toutes les annonces Renault Alpine A310 à vendre en Europe. In secrecy during the war, Louis Renault had developed the rear engine 4CV[50] which was subsequently launched under Lefacheux in 1946. Exit UAP, Dacia (qui vient du nom de la région, la Dacie) garde un blason simple avec DACIA. Le groupe atteint 1000 salariés, Jean-Claude et Patrick Gueudet développent le réseau et font du groupe le 1er concessionnaire Renault en France. The Renault–Nissan group is a member of the PHEV Research Center. Talks between GM and Renault ended on 4 October 2006. [233], In March 2010 the Renault-Nissan alliance opened its first joint facility in Chennai, India, investing 45 billion rupees (US$991.1 million). Logo SANEF - Photos - Newsroom Groupe Renault. A retail version of the font family was sold by URW++ as Renault. It became the first zero-emission vehicle with a switchable battery,[173] with trials in 2010 undertaken with the Renault Laguna. Some passenger cars have also been badge-engineered, such as the Renault Clio-based Nissan Platina in Brazil. This type of family is said to have been designed mainly to save costs at a time where the use of typefaces was costly. Nouveau logo Renault. [64][65] The aim of this operation was to make use of the company's extensive dealership network to distribute light trucks. Thanks to our unique Alliance with Nissan and our strategic … Renault believes that all small and some mid-size (C-segment) will no longer be diesels by 2020. In 1923 it introduced a new circle-shaped badge, which was replaced by the "diamond" or lozenge in 1925. The previous logo was redesigned by Saguez & Partners in 2007. The alliance led to the loss of 21,000 jobs, the closure of three assemblies and two powertrain plants. [44], Responding to the chaotic situation at Renault, a 27 September 1944 meeting of the Council of Ministers (fr) took place under de Gaulle's presidency. [281] Since 1983, the company sponsors the Cannes Film Festival[283] and it has also sponsored other festivals as the Venice Film Festival, the Marrakech Film Festival[284] and the BFI London Film Festival.[285]. For example, in 1928, when Renault produced 45,809 cars, its seven models started with a 6CV, a 10CV, the Monasix, 15CV, the Vivasix, the 18/22CV and the 40CV. The three main structures are accompanied by smaller technical buildings. Renault also had to find a way to distribute its vehicles more efficiently. [28][54] In 1976, Renault reorganised the company into four business areas: automobiles (for car and light commercial vehicles or LCVs), finance and services, commercial vehicles (coaches and trucks over 2.5 tons GVW), and minor operations under an industrial enterprises division (farm machinery, plastics, foundry, etc.). Plus de quatre décennies de victoires et de titres. You can help Logopedia by uploading it here. Parmi les marques qui ont fait leur « révolution » : Dacia. [215] In 1997, the French branches were merged to establish the subsidiary Renault France Automobiles (RFA). New Logo for … The Clio was voted European Car of the Year soon after its launch, and was one of Europe's best-selling cars in the 1990s, proving even more popular than its predecessor. The bonnet badge changed from circular to the familiar and continuing diamond shape in 1925. The Technocentre gathers more than 8,000 employees[202] and comprises three main sections: The Advance Precinct, The Hive and the prototype build centre. 0. Auto Plus (Auto Bild France) n°1362, 10 to 17 of october 2014–1964 : La Renault 8 Gordini, la première "GTi" (translation : "1964 : Renault 8 Gordini, the first 'GTi'"). [216] In 2008, the company adopted its current name. 7, 2015 by Armin ... New Logo for German Newspaper Publishers and Digital Publishers Association by Boros Spotted Jan. 15, 2021 Comments (0) 1. ", "Lada maker lays off employees 25 September 2009", "Renault gets green light for Korean takeover", "Company Overview of Renault Retail Group", "Jean-Pierre Laurent P-DG de Renault Retail Group", "100,000th Master rolls off Renault's SoVAB plant production line", "Renault has acquired Caterham Group's stake in Société des Automobiles Alpine Caterham", "Renault accelerates global growth through new joint venture with Dongfeng in China", "Renault's Morocco Factory: When Globalization and Politics Collide", "Renault producirá un auto en Aguascalientes", "Daimler, Nissan, Renault Set Small-Car Cooperation", "Daimler confirms Renault-Nissan joint venture", "Le Cimetiere Des Autos Oubloees: Renault Rambler (1962–67)", "In Alliance Talks, GM to Seek Billions From Renault, Nissan", "Renault Itching for a Return to the U.S.", "Fiat Chrysler proposes 50-50 merger with Renault", "Fiat Chrysler withdraws €33bn Renault merger offer", "Renault 16 Car of the year website 1966", "Renault Clio Car of the year website 1991", "A panel of judges voted it European Car of the Year in 1997, since then the Scenic has remained Europe's most popular people MPV, despite plenty of competition from other companies", "Renault Mégane Car of the year website 2003", "2016 Corporate Art Awards – Corporate winners", "Renault opts for stronger image in brand revamp", "Renault's new brand signature : "Renault - Passion for life, "New Logo and Identity for Renault done In-house", "Finding Car Heaven at Paris Concept Car Showrooms", "Renault e il grande schermo. Savoir-faire. 10% of all turbocharged European cars in 1984 were Renaults. Programme sportif. [69] This halved the deficit by 1986, but Besse was murdered by the communist terrorist group Action Directe in November 1986. [34] Renault struggled to compete with the increasingly popular small, affordable "people's cars," while problems with the United States stock market and the workforce slowed the company's growth. The Renault 5 entered its second generation in 1984 and continued to sell well. [241] The Renault Alliance/Encore (a modified version of the Renault 9 and 11) entered production in the US, but following AMC's continued decline, Renault withdrew from the US in 1987 and sold its share to Chrysler. Renault achieved success in both rallying and in Formula One over decades. [43] 460 metric tons (450 long tons; 510 short tons) of bombs were dropped on the plant and the surrounding area, causing extensive damage along with heavy civilian casualties. [260] The lozenge of Renault means a diamond that expresses the brand's firm desire to project a strong and consistent corporate image.[261]. Renault gave it the same importance as Engineering and Product Planning, participating in product development. Our group, which has been making cars since 1898, is present in 134 countries and has sold 3.8 million vehicles in 2019. [41] The disputes were eventually quashed by Renault in a particularly intransigent way, and over 2,000 people lost their jobs. The longer rolling chassis were available to coachbuilders. Victor Vasarely designed the new diamond in 1972. It was established in 2008 and is in charge of modifying cars and vans for special purposes (mobility cars, driver's school cars, and business fleets).[204][205]. renault phone cases. Oxfam logo new – Logok. Communication Groupe Renault - Tous droits réservés Télécharger PHOTOS Adoption de la plateforme de certification Blockchain de Wiztopic. In December 1996, General Motors Europe and Renault begun to collaborate in the development of LCVs, starting with the second generation Trafic (codenamed X83). [247], In May 2019, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles proposed merging its business with Renault. Group. In 2013, it formed a joint venture with Dongfeng Motor Group named as Dongfeng Renault, based on a failed previous venture with the Chinese company Sanjiang. [207] Following an AvtoVAZ recapitalisation in 2016, Renault holds 73.3 of the company, making it a subsidiary. Renault began off and on in talks with AvtoVAZ in 2005, initially insisting that CKD assemble Logans at its facilities, while VAZ intended to keep its own Lada brand and sought only a new platform and engine. [196] Engine development is in charge of a specific division, Renault Powertrains, with nearly 65 engineers. Renault supplied Mercedes-Benz with its brand new 1.6-litre turbo-diesel engine and Mercedes-Benz provided a 2.0 litre four-cylinder petrol engine to Renault–Nissan. Closed car Renault bodies were often trimmed with interior woodwork by Rothschild. [79] Following the sale of Renault Véhicules Industriels to Volvo in 2001, the company retained a minority (but controlling) stake (20%) in the Volvo Group. Renault has a 50% stake in the joint venture Renault-Nissan b.v., which was established to manage the Renault-Nissan alliance. saloon beginning in 2011 and the Renault Zoe in 2012. Present in 128 countries, we design, manufacture and market private and commercial vehicles sold under five brand names worldwide: Renault, Dacia, Renault Samsung Motors, Alpine & Lada. However, the design inspired the lines of the second-generation Mégane, the maker's most successful car. The "Renault Production System" standard used by all Renault factories borrowed extensively from the "Nissan Production Way" and resulted in Renault productivity improving by 15%. [266], In 2004, French typeface designer Jean-François Porchez was commissioned to design a replacement. [6], Renault acquired the car division of Samsung on 1 September 2000 in a $560 million deal for 70% of the company,[210] eventually increasing its stake to 80.1%. [167] Serge Yoccoz is the electric vehicle project director. A new typeface was also introduced. You can check the authenticity of our information on the website www.wiztrust.com. The company added 54,086 buses/coaches and trucks. [238] A year later, Renault acquired a 22.5% interest in AMC. [186], In 1961, with the assistance of the independent designer Philippe Charbonneaux (responsible for the R8), the company created Renault Styling as a design department, led by Gaston Juchet since 1963. [28], Renault was one of the few French vehicle manufacturers that pursued the production of aircraft engines after World War I. [211] Renault Samsung Motors is a marque used almost exclusively in South Korea (although some models are sold in Chile). [149] The head office is located near the old Renault factories; Renault has maintained a historical presence in Boulogne-Billancourt[150] since the company's opening in 1898.[149]. Bienvenue sur le site officiel du Groupe Renault. electric vans, 29,118 Twitzy heavy quadricycles, and 10,600 Fluence Z.E. As of March 2009, 20 million visitors had visited L'Atelier Renault. The price of the smallest Renaults at the time was 3000 francs (₣); an amount equal to ten years pay for the average worker. Worldwide Shipping Available as Standard or Express delivery Learn more. [262] The current badge has been in use since 1992. The Vivastella's and Grand Renaults had upgraded interior fittings and a small star fitted above the front hood logo. But what you cannot have is an EV business system, from batteries to recycling to cars to infrastructure to negotiation, by being alone. The new division incorporated a new management system, with more technology and personnel. [33] The first Renault tractor, the Type GP was produced between 1919 and 1930. [185][187], Le Quément was responsible for bold designs such as the Mégane II and the Vel Satis,[189] giving Renault a more coherent and stylish image. Photo à propos renault, signe, logo - 149274545 La première version du logo Renault a été introduite en 1900 avec les initiales des trois frères Renault – Louis, Ferdinand et Marcel. During the 1950s, Renault absorbed small French heavy vehicles' manufacturers (Somua and Latil) and in 1955 merged them with its own truck and bus division to form the Société Anonyme de Véhicules Industriels et d'Equipements Mécaniques (Saviem).[54]. In the early 1950s, Renault assembled at least two models; "Standard Saloon" and "De Luxe Saloon" in England.[49]. On 12 May 2017, one of the Renault manufacturing plants' computer networks was attacked by a malware known as WannaCry resulting in its shut down for one day. [194], The Technocentre was one of the first enterprises to have real-time life-size 3D modelling systems. At the same time, poor product quality damaged the brand. La compétition : la composante majeure de l’ADN d’ORECA. Dans le but de sécuriser sa communication, Groupe Renault certifie ses documents avec Wiztrust depuis le 20 Février 2020. Renault tente ainsi de se donner une nouvelle image dans ce contexte difficile sur le marché automobile. To protect its investment, Renault bailed AMC out with cash – at the price of a controlling 47.5% interest. [185][188] Later, the new department moved to Guyancourt's Technocentre, which also became the base for Engineering and Product Planning. Secure Payments 100% Secure payment with 256-bit SSL Encryption Learn more. In 1993, the two companies announced their intention to merge operations by 1 January 1994 and increased their cross-shareholding. [151] As of January 2019[update], members of the 19-seat board include Jean-Dominique Senard (as chairman), Cherie Blair, Catherine Barba and Pascale Sourisse. [16], Beginning in 2008, Renault made agreements for its planned zero-emissions products, including with Israel, Portugal, Denmark and the US states of Tennessee and Oregon,[166] Yokohama in Japan and the Principality of Monaco. Crédits : dr . [86], In February 2010, Renault opened a new production factory near Tangier, Morocco, with an annual output capacity of 170,000 vehicles. Renault has been involved in rallying from an early era. A Renault Voiturette Type A, driven by Louis Renault, appeared in one of the Lumiéres' early films. [28] During World War I, it branched out into ammunition, military aircraft engines[21] (the first Rolls-Royce aircraft engines were modeled and inspired by Renault air-cooled aircraft V8 units)[29][30] and vehicles such as the revolutionary Renault FT tank. [44], Meanwhile, the provisional government accused Louis Renault of collaborating with the Germans. In 1945, and again in 1961, the Courts responded that they had no authority to review the government's actions.[42]. The 1960s had been a decade of aggressive growth: a few months earlier, in October 1969, the manufacturer had launched the Renault 12, combining the engineering philosophy of its hatchbacks with the more conservative "three-box" design.