1966;35:54–5. 2020;115:766–73. Mechanisms of lymphocyte loss in SARS coronavirus infection. Bokhari SMMA, Mahmood F, Bokhari SMSA. Gastroenterology. Elsevier. In summary, in both SARS‐CoV and MERS‐CoV infected anti‐spike S‐protein NAbs are present. This receptor mediates SARS‐CoV‐2 invasion into immune cells, further spreading viral infection into all organs and ADE. J Med Virol. Some people, particularly young children, may have no symptoms; however most adults and older children get sick. 1992;47:265–70. Google Scholar. These cytokines were also well correlated with the clinical severity of dengue infection [76,77,78,79]. Leismann et al. First, SARS-CoV-2 directly infects the GI cells through ACE2 receptors that are expressed on them. 2004;39:302–10. 2007;40:50–4. 1999;73:5201–6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6357178/. In addition, DENV can cause generalized bone marrow suppression leading to lymphopenia [91]. The critical question is, whether ADE is relevant in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and COVID‐19. Belen-Apak FB, Sarıalioğlu F. Pulmonary intravascular coagulation in COVID-19: possible pathogenesis and recommendations on anticoagulant/thrombolytic therapy. Chen Y, Maguire T, Marks RM. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. This flowchart diagram depicts similarities between COVID-19 and DENV clinical manifestations with their respective pathomechanisms. 2006;100:608–14. In order to overcome this harmful effect, the tetravalent live‐attenuated vaccine was produced from chimeric structures (13). Another mechanism is through defective virus-specific antibody that binds to human platelets, supporting a role for immune-mediated clearance of platelets in the pathogenesis of thrombocytopenia in DHF/DSS [71]. 2020;tpmd200356. Interestingly, a novel application of flow cytometry, flow virometry, benefits from improving staining methods and technical advances of flow cytometers, which are capable of analyzing very small virus particles, including maturating dengue virions (59, reviewed in ref. Daniel Pasti [email protected] Vitória. The incidence of ARDS, pulmonary hemorrhage, bilateral pneumonitis, and pleural effusion were 19.4% (n = 8), 21.4% (9), 9.5% (4), and 95.2% (40) in the DF group, respectively [38]. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. Studies have demonstrated that the presence of cross‐reactive antibodies against different DENV serotypes predisposes the enhanced illness (8) and contributes to the development of DHF and DSS (9). Hum Pathol. However, SARS‐CoV‐2 is transmitted more easily, infecting by far higher number of people than the two other coronavirus (CoV) (1). N Engl J Med. Matsuura H, Kishida M, Nakata Y, Hirata K, Sasaki E, Kiura Y. Dengue rash: white islands in a sea of red. Pathogenesis of liver involvement during dengue viral infections. Although it is not fully elucidated yet, dengue is characterized by the occurrence of a “cytokine tsunami” thought to be generated from the sequential release of cytokines, IL-6, free radicals, and histamine which causes an abrupt increase of vascular permeability that leads to the development of a leak syndrome four until 6 days after the onset of fever [82]. Lorenz C, Azevedo TS, Chiaravalloti-Neto F. COVID-19 and dengue fever: A dangerous combination for the health system in Brazil. Immunoglobulin G/M and cytokines detections in continuous sera from patients with novel coronaviruses (2019-nCoV) infection. It is the fastest spreading vector-borne viral disease and is now endemic in over 100 countries, resulting in 40% of the world’s population living in an area at risk for dengue. Sorte que um amigo viu e prontamente salvou lhe a vida! Laur F, Murgue B, Deparis X, Roche C, Cassar O, Chungue E. Plasma levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha and transforming growth factor beta-1 in children with dengue 2 virus infection in French Polynesia. Na dengue, sentiu mais dor nos olhos. Most of these strains induce common cold, but three (SARS‐CoV, MERS‐CoV, SARS‐CoV‐2) may induce more severe disease courses. The Fellowship of Postgraduate Medicine. Nesse vídeo explico como foram os dias que fiquei enfermo, quais sintomas, diagnósticos e dificuldades enfrentados. Our incentive is to discuss features in antibody‐dependent enhancement (ADE) already known for dengue and discuss them in regards of perspectives of SARS‐CoV‐2 infections. In two cohorts involving 515 and 154 subjects infected with dengue virus, all experienced fever [28, 29]. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Guan GW, Gao L, Wang JW, Wen XJ, Mao TH, Peng SW, et al. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 1989;5:12–6. Prasitsirikul W, Pongpirul K, Pongpirul WA, Panitantum N, Ratnarathon AC, Hemachudha T. Nurse infected with Covid-19 from a provisional dengue patient. J Immunol Baltim Md 1950. His RT-PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 were negative. 2020;0:1–5. Available from: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30158-4/abstract. Srichaikul T, Nimmannitya S, Sripaisarn T, Kamolsilpa M, Pulgate C. Platelet function during the acute phase of dengue hemorrhagic fever. Lancet. Specific for Coronaviridae is their “corona” of spikes (S) that has the function of docking to specific receptors on the host cell and inducing the entry and thereafter the replication of the virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. p. e3085827. proposed three possible mechanisms of thrombocytopenia in SARS-CoV-2 infections, which are platelet destruction by the immune system, increased platelet consumption, and the inhibition of platelet synthesis [66]. Wang S, He R, Patarapotikul J, Innis BL, Anderson R. Antibody-enhanced binding of dengue-2 virus to human platelets. Another cohort study from Singapore had shown that 1579 of 1921 (82.2%) dengue patients had some form of leukopenia [94]. PubMed Central  AC contributed in revision of the manuscript, supervision, and final approval of the manuscript. Hindawi; 2019 [cited 2020 May 9]. However, the vaccine presented adverse effects in certain groups, enhancing illness. 2020 [cited 2020 May 12]. However, both of them have normal chest X-rays [95]. In comparison, based on three cohorts, the proportion of COVID-19 patients presented with fever were 92.23%, 98%, and 98.6%, respectively [30,31,32]. de Souza LJ, Alves JG, Nogueira RMR, Gicovate Neto C, Bastos DA, Siqueira EW d S, et al. All these individuals will have then developed immunity against one or more strains of the virus. Indian J Med Res. Available from: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19%2D%2D-11-march-2020. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 96. Moreover, lymphopenia was more common in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU); 11 from 13 patients (85%), compared to non ICU care; 15 from 28 patients (54%) [30]. 2007;109:3812–9. Dengue virus infects hepatocytes and Kupffer cells in the human body as a prime target cell [56,57,58]. 2012;87:741–2. J Med Virol. Med. COVID‐19 vaccine research and development: ethical issues. Dengue es una enfermedad causada por un virus que es transmitido a través de la picada de mosquitos infectados. In dengue infection, GI symptoms are best explained by the apoptosis of endothelial cells of the intestinal mucosa, which is evident in fatal DHF cases [44]. ... Dengue, Influenza and Zika virus. Lastly, based on SARS-CoV-1 study, it may cause lymphopenia through indirect mechanism via cytokine storm, which ultimately induces lymphocyte or monocyte apoptosis [90]. Here, we discuss the similarities of findings from dengue infection with COVID-19 from the history taking, physical examinations, and diagnostic modalities, which explain the justification of why hastily excluding COVID-19 is imprudent. In dengue-infected patients, the proportion of leukopenia is not much different from COVID-19 patients. Quantitative image cytometry is important for supporting histopathology research and better understanding and treatment of this new pandemic. Basically, after inoculation by the mosquito, local dendritic cells and macrophages are infected, followed by virus entry into the bloodstream and infection of other blood cells. Due to this diagnosis, the nurse does not wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) for COVID-19. Zheng H-Y, Zhang M, Yang C-X, Zhang N, Wang X-C, Yang X-P, et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Open Forum Infect Dis. Elevated exhaustion levels and reduced functional diversity of T cells in peripheral blood may predict severe progression in COVID-19 patients. Dengue causes illness that can range from a mild fever to a severe, even fatal condition. Among two COVID-19 cases which once were thought to have dengue infection due to false-positive dengue serology reported in Singapore, both patients experienced cough in the first 3 and 4 days of their illnesses [36]. The excessive innate and adaptive immune system is leading to local macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) with the net results of the excessive microthrombi formation of the extensive pulmonary capillary networks and the failing, albeit vigorous fibrinolytic activity [86]. Patro ARK, Mohanty S, Prusty BK, Singh DK, Gaikwad S, Saswat T, et al. Concurrently, our search did not yield any reliable epidemiological and clinical studies on CoV‐related ADE in humans; however, in case of secondary infection with a mutated virus, ADE cases might be observed (28). Meanwhile, in COVID-19, 31 out of 41 (76%) patients present with cough [30]. The differential diagnosis is to be kept broad enough and always include COVID-19 when someone comes into the ED with a chief complaint of fever. 2020 [cited 2020 May 14]; Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7165108/. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6114047/. Seshi B, Kumar S, Sellers D. Human bone marrow stromal cell: coexpression of markers specific for multiple mesenchymal cell lineages. Dengue viruses are spread to people through the bite of an infected Aedes species (Ae. Meanwhile, leukopenia in DF and DHF is attributed to the fact that DENV causes myeloid progenitor cell destruction and inhibition. The pathomechanism of lymphopenia in SARS-CoV-2 infection is still unknown. Postgrad Med J. Elsevier. After the virus gains entry through the mucous membrane, it is then directed into the pulmonary tissue, the type 2 pneumocyte in particular, via the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) [12]. Nature. Hematologic parameters in patients with COVID-19 infection. Seneviratne SL, Malavige GN, de Silva HJ. In addition, four cytokines, which are IFN-γ, GM-CSF, IL-10, and MIP-1β, correlated significantly with disease severity and therefore, could serve as potential predictors [26]. Moreover, diarrhea as a solitary clinical finding of dengue infection has never been reported. 2017;15:55–63. Much like COVID-19, the hallmark of dengue hemorrhagic fever is endothelial dysfunction. Zhao M. Cytokine storm and immunomodulatory therapy in COVID-19: role of chloroquine and anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibodies. The NAb‐Fc receptor complex would mimic the cell surface virus receptor and promote virus entry pathways into IgG Fc receptor‐expressing cells (30). 1998;161:6338–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-020-00364-3, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-020-00364-3, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in The immune roadmap for understanding multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children: opportunities and challenges. Therefore, this might explain the similarities of clinical presentations between these two diseases. Raghupathy R, Chaturvedi UC, Al-Sayer H, Elbishbishi EA, Agarwal R, Nagar R, et al. Diarrhea as a part of clinical manifestation of COVID-19 presents variably. a serious tropical disease that is caused by a virus carried by mosquitoes. From bone marrow studies, mild hypocellularity was seen at the acute stage (less than 1 week), whereas it reverts back to normal in the convalescent stage (greater than 1 week) [93]. One of the infectious disease of a primary concern is dengue infection, which its peak season is approaching. Elsevier. Transmission occurs year-round with peak transmission during the rainy season, from May through November. In patients with DHF, bone marrow studies showed marked hypocellularity of all hematopoietic cell lines in the early phase of the acute febrile illness [73]. La febbre dengue, più conosciuta semplicemente come dengue, è una malattia infettiva tropicale causata dal virus Dengue.Il virus esiste in cinque sierotipi differenti (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4, DENV-5) e generalmente l'infezione con un tipo garantisce un'immunità a vita per quel tipo, mentre comporta solamente una breve e non duratura immunità nei confronti degli altri. J Thromb Thrombolysis. In fact, FcγRIIa‐R131 polymorphism seems to have clinical implication in SARS‐CoV pathology and possibly ADE. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Am J Gastroenterol. Penjaringan, Kota Jakarta Utara, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, 14440, Indonesia, You can also search for this author in Para o diretor do Lacen, Rodrigo Ribeiro Rodrigues, este resultado indica a possibilidade de que mais casos da Covid-19 não tenham sido descobertos, contribuindo para que a … Symptoms include a high fever, headaches, joint and muscle pain, vomiting, and a rash. Correspondence to Deshwal R, Qureshi MI, Singh R. Clinical and Laboratory Profile of Dengue Fever. They are capable of causing classic dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) and are … However, the evidence for distinct types or strains in the present stage of evolution of SARS‐CoV‐2, which could account for differences in morbidity and RBD binding affinity, is conflicting (48). Thereby mediating the viral entry to the hepatocytes. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5831957/. In Tables 2 and 3, we summarize the proportions of clinical manifestations and laboratory findings in patients with COVID-19 and dengue infection. Part of Springer Nature. Mehta P, DF MA, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. 1987;18:351–5. Além disso, desses 210 casos positivos para a Covid-19, 79 ( 37,6%) também foram positivos ou para a dengue ou para a chikungunya, provando que tais doenças podem se manifestar simultaneamente. There are epidemiologic similarities between dengue fever and SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. It has four main structural proteins including spike (S) glycoprotein, envelope (E) glycoprotein, membrane (M) glycoprotein, nucleocapsid (N) protein, and also several non-structural proteins and multiple unique accessory proteins [6, 7]. Dengue virus is one of the viral hemorrhagic fever that belongs to the Flaviviridae family. Ann Hematol. found that SARS-CoV-2 has 82% nucleotide similarity with SARS-CoV-1 [67]. On the contrary, only 12% of dengue patients reported having myalgia [8]. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): An overview of viral structure and host response. Limonta D, Capó V, Torres G, Pérez AB, Guzmán MG. Apoptosis in tissues from fatal dengue shock syndrome. Viruses. This theory speculated that SARS-CoV-2 inhibits platelet formation in the bone marrow through certain receptors leading to thrombocytopenia. Duan and co‐workers (49) successfully used convalescent plasma collected from cured patients with a titer of 1:640 SARS‐CoV‐2‐NAbs for transfusion into COVID‐19 patients. While both virus‐caused infections may only reveal light symptoms, they can also cause severe diseases. Several studies with SARS‐CoV anti‐spike S‐protein antisera tested in cell lines or in laboratory animals indicate ADE (31-33). Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan. Available from: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30158-4/fulltext. Nevertheless, more investigations are needed pertaining to direct viral infection. Massachusetts Medical Society. New studies show that all recovered SARS‐CoV‐2 patients (n = 29) presented IgG/IgM response to spike protein S1 and the titer of S1 specific IgG increases with age (46, 47). A possible mechanism for viral entry based on the ADE mechanism has been postulated (30). 1995;15:335–9. The use of Ivermectin to combat COVID-19 depends on pre-clinical testing and clinical trials, with funding urgently required to progress the work. Early release - clinical characteristics of patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease, Thailand - Volume 26, Number 7—July 2020 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200425-sitrep-96-covid-19.pdf. Both cases were without travel and contact history, the first patient experienced fever, whereas the second experienced fever, cough, and myalgia. 2, 1109–1119 (2020). For this reason, vaccinating is now recommended for seropositive subjects aging between 9 and 45 years (14). Ultimately, this can cause an imbalance between hepatic oxygen supply and demand, resulting in liver injury [47]. Many proposed that massive cytokines production, leading to cytokine storm syndrome (CSS), played a pivotal role behind COVID-19 pathophysiology in severe and critically ill patients [13,14,15,16]. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/ofid/article/7/3/ofaa102/5810740. 1977;146:201–17. Funahara Y, Ogawa K, Fujita N, Okuno Y. Outbreaks occur in the rainy season. Useful clinical features and hematological parameters for the diagnosis of dengue infection in patients with acute febrile illness: a retrospective study. Prospective cohort study also confirms this, with headache only presented in three subjects (8%) out of 41 subjects [30]. Virology. Therefore, in the light of COVID-19 pandemic, meticulous history taking pertaining to the course of illness and comprehensive physical examination has to be carried out and supported by additional laboratory workups in order to avoid these diagnostic pitfalls. WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. Astuti I, Ysrafil. In addition, abdominal pain is also a common symptom in this disease, which presents in 17% and 25% of dengue patients [28, 41]. Identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Canada. Oxford Academic. Taylor & Francis. Penjaringan, Kota Jakarta Utara, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, 14440, Indonesia, Joshua Henrina, Iwan Cahyo Santosa Putra, Sherly Lawrensia & Quinta Febryani Handoyono, Ken Saras General Hospital, Jl. A second infection, with other DENV serotypes, can be more severe and lethal than the first one. Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, et al. In another study involving 184 dengue-infected patients, all developed thrombocytopenia [65]. Dengue does not spread from person to person. L’espansione del virus della dengue. Flow and image cytometry are an important part of this endeavor. In a prognostic study evaluating DD for predicting severe dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) involving 41 dengue patients (22 girls, 19 boys), high DD was significantly present (P < 0.03) in DHF group (n = 26; 87%) than in DF group (n = 4; 13%) and it predicted severe dengue with sensitivity and specificity of 90% and 67%, respectively [80]. Che cosa è dengue? Clin. Evaluation of the WHO revised criteria for classification of clinical disease severity in acute adult dengue infection. 2012;136:373. da Costa PSG, Ribeiro GM, Junior CS, da Costa Campos L. Severe thrombotic events associated with dengue fever, Brazil. 2010;83:774–80. Clinical relevance and discriminatory value of elevated liver aminotransferase levels for dengue severity. 2018 [cited 2020 May 9];2018. (41), who found that antisera from recovered SARS or COVID‐19 patients had only limited cross neutralization effects of 293/hACE2 cells' infection with SARS‐CoV S or SARS‐CoV‐2 S pseudovirons.