The EU's member states cover an area of 4,233,262 square kilometres (1,634,472 sq mi). This process applies to nearly all areas, including the EU budget. The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states in those matters, and only those matters, where members have agreed to act as one. Abolition of the death penalty is a condition for EU membership. More recently, the EU has demonstrated leadership in global environmental governance, e.g. U.E. The largest groups were nationals of Morocco, Albania, India, Turkey and Pakistan. Compagnie Generale des Matieres Nucleaires SACD. [q] The EU has legal personality, with the right to sign agreements and international treaties. [157], In the 2010 budget of €141.5 billion, the largest single expenditure item is "cohesion & competitiveness" with around 45% of the total budget. The EU is active in a wide range of topics, from human rights to transport and trade. The United Kingdom became the first member state to leave the EU[20] on 31 January 2020. Le champ qui est devenu le centre de l’Europe dans la nuit du 31 janvier au 1er février 2020 appartient à Karin Keßler, une des habitantes de Gadheim. In its first 20 years, it supported international exchange opportunities for well over 1.5 million university and college students and became a symbol of European student life.[284]. [83] For comparison, the EU-28 birth rate had stood at 10.6 in 2000, 12.8 in 1985 and 16.3 in 1970. EU-Armenia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, EU and Kyrgyz Republic Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, monetary policy for the Member States whose currency is the, the conservation of marine biological resources under the, social policy, for the aspects defined in this Treaty, economic, social and territorial cohesion, common safety concerns in public health matters, for the aspects defined in this Treaty, development cooperation, humanitarian aid, the coordination of economic, employment and social policies, the protection and improvement of human health, 2020: Spanish health workers on the front line against, This page was last edited on 18 January 2021, at 10:53. [274] According to the Institute for European Environmental Policy, environmental law comprises over 500 Directives, Regulations and Decisions, making environmental policy a core area of European politics. ), Frankfurt Rhine-Main (Frankfurt, Wiesbaden, Mainz et al. The Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, and Poland disagreed. [202] The demand of Swiss People’s Party (SPP) was, however, turned down, as the voters rejected SPP’s demand for taking back immigration control. [327][328] Scholar Thomas Risse wrote in 2009, "there is a consensus in the literature on Eastern Europe that the EU membership perspective had a huge anchoring effects for the new democracies. [299] Actions taken in the cultural area by the EU include the Culture 2000 seven-year programme,[299] the European Cultural Month event,[300] and orchestras such as the European Union Youth Orchestra. The EU inherited many of its present responsibilities from the European Communities (EC), which were founded in the 1950s in the spirit of the Schuman Declaration. [85], In 2010, 47.3 million people who lived in the EU were born outside their resident country. The European Commission working sectors are: Aeronautics, automotive, biotechnology, chemicals, construction, cosmetics, defense, electronics, firearms, food and drink, gambling, healthcare, maritime, mechanics, medical, postal, raw materials, space, textile, tourism, toys and Social economy (Societas cooperativa Europaea). The developing European transport policies will increase the pressure on the environment in many regions by the increased transport network. [245] According to the Treaty the provision of services is a residual freedom that only applies if no other freedom is being exercised. or. [317], Media freedom is a fundamental right that applies to all member states of the European Union and its citizens, as defined in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights as well as the European Convention on Human Rights. [216] The EU's external action financing is divided into 'geographic' instruments and 'thematic' instruments. The most visible of these has been the Erasmus Programme, a university exchange programme which began in 1987. Federalism and European union: The building of Europe, 1950–2000. The Web's largest and most authoritative acronyms and abbreviations resource. [3][106], Luxembourgish (in Luxembourg) and Turkish (in Cyprus) are the only two national languages that are not official languages of the EU. Rate it: (3.67 / 6 votes). Euratom was to integrate sectors in nuclear energy while the EEC would develop a customs union among members. Entdecken Sie "Politiques de l'Union européenne" von Dominique Berlin und finden Sie Ihren Buchhändler. Initially, these reforms included the introduction of set-aside in 1988, where a proportion of farm land was deliberately withdrawn from production, milk quotas and, more recently, the 'de-coupling' (or disassociation) of the money farmers receive from the EU and the amount they produce (by the Fischler reforms in 2004). außerordentlicher Karlspreis 2004", Press freedom in the EU Legal framework and challenges, "European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations", "Institutional integration and economic growth in Europe", "The European Union's authoritarian equilibrium", Historical Archives of the European Union, Eurostat – European Union Statistics Explained, The European Union: Questions and Answers, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002), European Economic Community (1958–1993/2009), Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification, Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, Largest cities by population within city limits, Orders, decorations, and medals of the European Union, Western European Union Mission Service Medal, Directive on the re-use of public sector information, Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. v. 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The General Court mainly deals with cases taken by individuals and companies directly before the EU's courts,[174] and the European Union Civil Service Tribunal adjudicates in disputes between the European Union and its civil service. Liste des pays - Union européenne (UE) 2013 - Tableau des : Code, Pays, Alpha-2, Alpha-3 and Corcelle, G. (1989) The Environmental Policy of the European Communities, Graham & Trotman, London, Cases C-403/08 and C-429/08, Opinion of Advocate General Kokott, para 207, Riché, Preface xviii, Pierre Riché reflects: "[H]e enjoyed an exceptional destiny, and by the length of his reign, by his conquests, legislation and legendary stature, he also profoundly marked the history of Western Europe. The European Court of Auditors has signed off the European Union accounts every year since 2007 and, while making it clear that the European Commission has more work to do, has highlighted that most of the errors take place at national level. [130], The EU's population is highly urbanised, with some 75% of inhabitants living in urban areas as of 2006. .eu is representative of the whole of the EU; member states also have their own TLDs. [274] EU law has played a significant role in improving habitat and species protection in Europe, as well as contributing to improvements in air and water quality and waste management.[275]. [97][98], Due to the high number of official languages, most of the institutions use only a handful of working languages. These legal powers include the ability to enact legislation[p] which can directly affect all member states and their inhabitants. EU development action is based on the European Consensus on Development, which was endorsed on 20 December 2005 by EU Member States, the council, the European Parliament and the commission. [w] When the time limit for implementing directives passes, they may, under certain conditions, have direct effect in national law against member states. The European Union (EU) is a unique economic and political union between 27 European countries.